How individuals respond to adversity is one component of mental toughness and athletes may manage the adversity of a defeat in very different ways. In this article we focus on four types of cognition (appraisal, attribution, counterfactual thinking, and rumination) that athletes may exhibit in the immediate aftermath of a competitive defeat. In particular we define each of these terms and prese...

Efficiency in team sports depends on the strength of the team’s weakest link. Sport practice and a plethora of studies showed that athletes’ performance often deteriorates during competition (Gaudreau & Blondin, 2004; Wilson, Raglin, & Pritchard, 2002). Regardless of whether they are good athletes, many of them are bad competitors. The main reason for this is poor psychological preparation or i...

purpose: this study aimed to investigate the effect of sports activities on behavioral-emotional problems of students with intellectual disability. methods: research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and the control group. the study population consisted of all students with intellectual disability in farashband city, iran who were studying in 2013. the sample comprised ...

Mental Toughness (MT), which refers to an inner focus and commitment to rise above challenges when facing adversity, is viewed as one of the most important psychological attributes in determining success in sport. However, there is little consensus on key components of MT, and existing measures vary greatly while focusing on elite athletes. The purpose of this research was to develop a measure ...

Mental toughness has received increased scholarly attention in recent years, yet conceptual issues related to its (a) dimensionality, (b) nomological network, and (c) traitness remain unresolved. The series of studies reported in this article were designed to examine these three substantive issues across several achievement contexts, including sport, education, military, and the workplace. Five...

Currently there is debate as to whether mental toughness a unidimensional or multidimensional construct. To investigate the dimensionality of Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48-items (MTQ48), widely used measure toughness, we examined data from sample 78,947 participants. A series exploratory structural equation models (ESEM) assessed unidimensional, multidimensional, and bifactor solutions. Ove...

Within the determining factors of psychological performance, mental toughness is considered a multidimensional factor, comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioural components together with self-confidence, which related to success in sports performance as well health well-being. The aim this study was analyse relationship between different composing age categories young football players, or...