This article considers the extraordinary phenomena that have been central to unorthodox areas of psychological knowledge. It shows how even the agreed facts relating to mesmerism, spiritualism, psychical research, and parapsychology have been framed as evidence both for and against the reality of the phenomena. It argues that these disputes can be seen as a means through which beliefs have been...

The new religion of Spiritualism emerged in the mid-19th century. Through mediumship, Spiritualists contacted dead, believing them to have “passed over” another plane existence. It spread from America Great Britain before arriving Australia 1850s. This article charts history world’s oldest continuously running Spiritualist organisation, Victorian Spiritualists’ Union (VSU, est. 1870), exploring...

Hindu adhyatmais ‘consciousness about the soul, its perimeter (time & space), purpose, practices prognosis’. It is not an ism (dogma). a way of life. The scholar termed ‘Brahmana’. Pan globally and historically, scholars are known as incapable physical combat self-defense; require extra mural protection. Post fall Constantinople (c. 1453 A.D.) to Jihadists, Islam (peaceful) went murderously...

The historiography of Banda has paid little attention to the existence women. Stories involving women are mainly about romance, family, and suffering. In reality, “Mama Lima” (groups five women) is very strong in tradition (adat). They carriers knowledge tradition, a consequence matriarchy. determine content implementation adat ceremonies like Buka kampong, forming set social norms customary la...