one of the methods for the improvement of soil against the tensile stresses is using the artificial supplements in soil such as metal belts or nets, polymer materials and natural fibers. technically this method is called the reinforced of soil.  when a pavement is located on soft soil, great deformations can occur as a result of the crossing of traffic load in superstructure layers of the body....

The S. cerevisiae kinesin Kip2 stabilises astral microtubules and facilitates spindle positioning through transport of microtubule-associated proteins, such as the yeast CLIP-170 homologue Bik1, dynein and the Adenomatous Polyposis Colirelated protein Kar9 to the plus ends of astral microtubules. Here, we show that Kip2 associates physically with its processivity factor Bim1, the yeast homologu...

Condensins I and II in vertebrates are essential ATP-dependent complexes necessary for chromosome condensation in mitosis. Condensins depletion is known to perturb structure and function of centromeres, however the mechanism of this functional link remains elusive. Depletion of condensin activity is now shown to result in a significant loss of loading of CENP-A, the histone H3 variant found at ...

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a late mitotic kinase pathway called the septation initiation network (SIN) triggers cytokinesis. Here we show that the SIN is also involved in regulating anaphase spindle elongation and telophase nuclear positioning via inhibition of Klp2, a minus end-directed kinesin-14. Klp2 is known to localize to microtubules (MTs) and have roles in interphase nuclear position...

Aurora-B kinases are important regulators of mitotic chromosome segregation, where they are required for the faithful bi-orientation of sister chromatids. In contrast to mitosis, sister chromatids have to be oriented toward the same spindle pole in meiosis-I, while homologous chromosomes are bi-oriented. We find that the fission yeast Aurora kinase Ark1 is required for the faithful bi-orientati...

Mitotic chromosome segregation is initiated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its co-activator CDC20 (forming APC/C(CDC20)). APC/C(CDC20) is inhibited by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) when chromosomes have not attached to spindle microtubules. Unattached kinetochores catalyze the formation of a diffusible APC/C(CDC20) inhibitor that comprises BUBR1 (also known as B...

Nucleocytoplasmic transport factors mediate various cellular processes, including nuclear transport, spindle assembly, and nuclear envelope/pore formation. In this paper, we identify the chromokinesin human kinesin-like DNA binding protein (hKid) as an import cargo of the importin-alpha/beta transport pathway and determine its nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Upon the loss of its functional...

Metal spinning as a kind of manufacturing process has capability to shape hollow components. In present work shear spinning process is used to formplates into conical shapes. Moreover, the aim of this research is to demonstrate the impact of the process parameters (i.e. feeding rate and spindle speed) on wall thickness. This approachwas done by experimental and finite elements method. The resul...

The temperature field distribution has a significant influence on structural performance, thermal deformation, and error compensation. To improve the prediction accuracy of spindle system, comprehensive model considering contact resistance (TCR) interfaces was established to analyze performance high-speed system in present work. An elastoplastic used calculate contacting areas loads interfaces,...