Anaerobic ammonia oxidizing (anammox) bacteria play an important role in transforming ammonium to nitrogen gas and contribute to fixed nitrogen losses in freshwater environments. Understanding the diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria requires reliable molecular tools, and these are not yet well established for these important Planctomycetes. To help validate PCR primers for the detection...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most rapidly expanding methods in molecular biology. Although the range of applications of PCR is very broad, the key points for successful performance remain the careful selection of optimal primers and the proper determination of the temperature conditions of the reaction. The program presented here, 'Primer Master', has been developed to assi...

background: identifying regional types and evaluating the frequency of pneumococcal strains has become increasingly important especially in vaccination. the purpose of this study was the identification and frequency determination of our regional serotype and evaluation of the performance of recent type specific multiplex pcr for the diagnosis of streptococcus pneumonia serotypes. methods: all i...

background cervical cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in under-developed countries. human papilloma virus (hpv) 16 and 18 are the most prevalent types associated with carcinogenesis in the cervix. conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr), type-specific and consensus primer-based pcr followed by sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) or hybridization by sp...

A novel method eliminating DNA-mediated PCR product formation in reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of specific RNA sequences is described. The method exploits the higher melting temperature values of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)/DNA duplexes compared with DNA/DNA duplexes by binding a sequence-specific PNA probe to a genomic sequence immediately overlapping one of the PCR-primer at...

Salmonellosis outbreaks involving typhoid fever and human gastroenteritis are important diseases in tropical countries where hygienic conditions are often not maintained. A rapid and sensitive method to detect Salmonella spp., Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium is needed to improve control and surveillance of typhoid fever and Salmonella gastroenteritis. Our objective was the concurren...

Methods based on SNuPE (single-nucleotide primer extension) have become invaluable tools for the rapid and highly specific detection of point mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the field of human genetics. In the primer extension reaction, a DNA polymerase is used to label a specific primer hybridized to the target sequence by incorporating a single labelled ddNTP (dideoxynucleoti...

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with a total of 256 EcoRI + ANN - MseI + CNN primer combinations were investigated employing the common wheat cultivar Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring.' On average, 103 fragments per primer combination were amplified, ranging from a maximum of 226 fragments to a minimum of 18 fragments. The primer combinations E + AAA - M + CNN and E + ATT...

A PCR primer specific to Nocardia farcinica was prepared based on sequence information of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The PCR primer amplifies N. farcinica species only; no amplification was observed in 25 other Nocardia strains that we tested. Specificity of the primer for N. farcinica was also confirmed using other fungal and bacterial strains that are frequently isolate...

almonds are self incompatible, the incompatibility being controlled by a multi allelic (s-alleles) single gene. the incompatibility alleles were studied in 96 samples of wild almonds and related prunus species from 10 taxonomic groups. polymerase chain reactions were carried out with six primer sets including: three degenerate primer pairs (paconsi-f(fam)/em-pc1consrd, paconsi-f(fam)/em-pc3cons...