Functional and structural changes of regional system are ongoing spatial changes that form patterns of spatial organization, depending on dominant regional forces and factors. Spatial structure of West Azerbaijan province experienced significant changes during 15 years; thus, the present research aim to investigate the manner of spatial distribution of two variables of population and activity, ...

 Spatial generalized linear mixed models are used commonly for modelling non-Gaussian discrete spatial responses. We present an algorithm for parameter estimation of the models using Laplace approximation of likelihood function. In these models, the spatial correlation structure of data is carried out by random effects or latent variables. In most spatial analysis, it is assumed that rando...

Todays world relies heavily on spatial data to manage the natural and built environments. Monitoring and controlling the impact of human activities on the environment and the impact of natural environmental changes (including natural hazards) on the built environment is a major policy driver for many jurisdictions. The mitigation of natural hazards including tsunamis, earthquakes and landslides...

A fuzzy spatial data mining technique has been developed to extract relationships describing relative position of classes of objects from raster images. Several different rule forms are described which represent different types of directional relationships between classes of objects. The method has been tested with hand-generated, synthetic, and sonar imagery.

DEFINITION Data types are a well known concept in computer science (for example, in programming languages or in database systems). A data type defines a set of homogeneous values and the allowable operations on those values. An example is a type integer representing the set of 32-bit integers and including operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication that can be performed on int...

Naturally occurring phenomena in space often (if not always) cannot be precisely defined because of the intrinsic uncertainty of their features. The location of animal refuges might not be precisely known, and the path of rivers might be uncertain due to water volume fluctuations and changing land characteristics. The extension of lakes can also change and thus have uncertain areas. All these a...

Sorting the underlying spatial data enables the efficient execution of operations on it in geographic information systems (GIS). The chapter differentiates the discussion on the basis of the type of the spatial data which in this case falls into raster and vector. The raster data is sorted via the use of a number of different space-filling curves which are mappings from two dimensions to one di...