3D imaging and multi-pixel rangefinding constitute one of the most important and innovative fields of research in image sensor science and engineering in the past years. In rangefinding, one computes the Time-Of-Flight of a ray of light, generated by a mono-chromatic or wide-spectral source, from the source through the reflection of a target object and to a detector. There exist at least two te...

The design and measurements of a CMOS 64 × 64 Single-Photon Avalanche-Diode (SPAD) array with in-pixel Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) are presented. This paper thoroughly describes the imager at architectural and circuit level with particular emphasis on the characterization of the SPAD-detector ensemble. It is aimed to 2D imaging and 3D image reconstruction in low light environments. It has b...

BACKGROUND Whilst large vessel vasculitis (LVV) predominantly occurs in isolation, associations with other infectious and non-infectious diseases have been reported. Limited data describing associations with various autoimmune diseases (AI), including spondyloarthritis exists. The aim of this study was to characterize the association of LVV and spondyloarthritis or its associated diseases (SpAD...

Single photon detectors sensitive to near-infrared (NIR) wavelength light are used in an increasing number of applications, such as quantum key distribution, laser detection and ranging, and integrated circuit analysis. There are many types of NIR single photon detectors, e.g. photomultiplier tube, superconducting single photon detector and single photon avalanche diode (SPAD). However, the SPA...

We tested the performance of a fast single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) in measurement of early transmitted photons through diffusive media. In combination with a femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser, the overall instrument temporal response time was 59 ps. Using two experimental models, we showed that the SPAD allowed measurement of photon-density sensitivity functions that were approxima...

We present a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with a wide spectral range fabricated in an advanced 180 nm CMOS process. The realized SPAD achieves 20 % photon detection probability (PDP) for wavelengths ranging from 440 nm to 820 nm at an excess bias of 4 V, with 30 % PDP at wavelengths from 520 nm to 720 nm. Dark count rates (DCR) are at most 5 kHz, which is 30 Hz/μm2, at an excess bias of...

Advances in SPAD sensor technology have recently yielded a >10kfps, 320x240 resolution imager [1] that can be operated as a Quanta Image Sensor (QIS) [2]. This device (labelled SPCImager) thus combines the high speed and sensitivity afforded by SPAD devices with the negligible readout noise and logarithmic compression of QIS. These attributes open the door to a number of potential applications ...

Now, more than at any other time in the history of the railways, there is an urgent need for the industry to learn lessons from near misses and incidents. In this first of two articles, we examine the extent to which the current procedures for gathering data on accidents such as SPADs provide support for the identification of underlying causes. An alternative approach is outlined, which we beli...

Remote sensing is a suitable tool for estimating the spatial variability of crop canopy characteristics, such as canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and green ground cover (GGC%), which are often used for crop productivity analysis and site-specific crop management. Empirical relationships exist between different vegetation indices (VI) and CCC and GGC% that allow spatial estimation of canopy char...