BACKGROUND Aerosols generated from metered dose inhalers may be highly charged. The aim of this study was to determine whether lining the walls of a polycarbonate spacer device with an antistatic agent would result in an increase in drug output. The effects of multiple actuations of drug into the spacer device and increasing residence time of drug within the spacer were also determined. METHO...

PURPOSE Hydrogel prostate-rectum spacers, biomaterials placed between the prostate and rectum, continue to gain interest as a method to reduce or limit rectal dose during dose escalated prostate cancer radiation therapy. Because the spacer is initially injected into the perirectal space as a liquid, the final distribution can vary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydrogel spacer (Spac...

a series of sorbents containing various amounts of borate groups were prepared by chemical immobilization ofp-aminoethylphenylboric acid on a copolymer- treated organosilane spacer glass plates. it was found thatbaker's yeast cells selectively adhered to these supports. yeast cells stained with procion red he-3b formeddenser and more stable layer on the copolymer-grafted supports compared onto ...

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a microbial immune system against foreign DNA. Recognition sequences (spacers) encoded within the CRISPR array mediate the immune reaction in a sequence-specific manner. The known mechanisms for the evolution of CRISPR arrays include spacer acquisition from foreign DNA elements at the time of invasion and array erosion throug...

Over the past two decades antibiotic-impregnated hip spacers have become a popular procedure in the treatment of hip joint infections. Besides infection persistence and/or reinfection, major complications after hip spacer implantation include spacer fracture, -dislocation, and bone fracture. Moreover, in cases with extensive loss of femoral and/or acetabular bone alternative reconstructive tech...

Each V, D, and J gene segment is flanked by a recombination signal sequence (RSS), composed of a conserved heptamer and nonamer separated by a 12- or 23-bp spacer. Variations from consensus in the heptamer or nonamer at specific positions can dramatically affect recombination frequency, but until recently, it had been generally held that only the length of the spacer, but not its sequence, affe...

The spacer placement is a prevalent procedure to separate the surrounding normal tissues from locally recurrent rectal tumor before the application of radiotherapy. However, complications could occur due to the foreign nature of the spacer. This report describes a case of 60-year-old man who had undergone radiotherapy two years earlier for a recurrent rectal tumor and presented with small bowel...

The liquid structure of aqueous solutions of five different imidazolium based gemini dicationic ionic liquids 1,n-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl) alkane bromide (n being the length of the spacer alkyl chain), with propyl, pentyl, octyl, decyl and hexadecyl spacer chains has been studied using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. While solutions with propyl and pentyl spacers are homogeneous,...

The present study deals with the determination of hydrodynamic size of DNA/cationic gemini surfactant complex in sodium bromide solution using the dynamic light scattering method. Cationic gemini surfactants with polymethylene spacer of variable length were used for the interaction with DNA. The scattering experiments were performed at constant DNA and sodium bromide concentrations and variable...