This paper considers the rigorous design of Systems of Systems (SoS), i.e. systems composed of a set of heterogeneous components whose number evolves with time. Such components cooperate to accomplish functions that they could not achieve in isolation. Examples of SoS include smart cities or airport management system. The dynamical evolution of SoS behavior and architecture makes it impossible ...

Receptor tyrosine kinases participate in several signaling pathways through small G proteins such as Ras (rat sarcoma). An important component in the activation of these G proteins is Son of sevenless (SOS), which catalyzes the nucleotide exchange on Ras. For optimal activity, a second Ras molecule acts as an allosteric activator by binding to a second Ras-binding site within SOS. This alloster...

DNA double-strand breaks are particularly deleterious lesions that can lead to genomic instability and cell death. We investigated the SOS response to double-strand breaks in both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In E. coli, double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation resulted in SOS induction in virtually every cell. E. coli strains incapable of SOS induction were sensitive to io...

The Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factors Son of sevenless (Sos) and Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 (RasGRF1) transduce extracellular stimuli into Ras activation by catalyzing the exchange of Ras-bound GDP for GTP. A truncated form of RasGRF1 containing only the core catalytic Cdc25 domain is sufficient for stimulating Ras nucleotide exchange, whereas the isolated Cdc25 do...

We appreciate the comments on our recent study (1) from Wang et al. (2). Our study showed that the start of the growing season (SOS), derived from analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), continued to advance in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from 1982 to 2011. Wang et al. (2) agreed with this conclusion but stated that the SOS advancement rate could be overestimated after compariso...

Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a life-threatening syndrome that generally occurs as a complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or, less commonly, after conventional chemotherapy. Regarding SOS in rhabdomyosarcoma patients who received conventional chemotherapy, the doses of chemotherapeutic agents are associated with the development of SOS. Several cases of S...

The SOS response is a conserved inducible pathway in bacteria that is involved in DNA repair and restart of stalled replication forks. Activation of the SOS response can result in stress resistance and mutagenesis. In food processing facilities and during food preservation, bacteria are exposed to stresses and stimuli that potentially activate the SOS response, resulting in resistant or adapted...

Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), a serious complication that mainly occurs after hematopoietic-stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is caused by damage to the sinusoidal endothelial cells after the obstruction of the sinusoid. Recently, hepatic SOS was reported to occur after non-HSCT chemotherapies. This report describes a patient who experienced hepatic SOS after non-HSCT chemother...

To explore the mechanisms of the effects of sucralfate on the stomach, we investigated the action of sucrose octasulfate (SOS), a constituent of sucralfate, on the function of canine gastric parietal cells and somatostatin cells and in the isolated perfused intact rat stomach. Somatostatin cells from the canine gastric fundus were isolated by EDTA-collagenase dispersion and counterflow elutriat...

Today’s need for more complex, more capable systems in a short timeframe is leading more organizations towards the integration of existing systems into network-centric, knowledge-based system-of-systems (SoS). Software and system cost model tools to date have focused on the software and system development activities of a single software system, but none to date adequately estimate the integrati...