For centuries, storytellers and scops recited epics and national, tribal, historical, and religious stories for people, through musical speeches. Some of these narrators wrote down what they recited, and some others dictated them for scribes to be recorded. Some kings and lords also had scops in their courts to recite the stories to scribes. One of the old, oral stories of Persian literature th...

Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh is considered one of the most important and influential personalities in the religious-social life of contemporary Iran. He began his cultural activities writing dramas and criticizing the religious-social situation of the society he lived in. He said that this resembled Protestantism. In addition to this, he also dealt theoretically with the criticism of religion and...

concerning the penetration and development of french language in iran, present article is trying to scrutinize a part of unknown cultural history of qajar era. by the rise of the period, especially in the reign of mohammad shah (1250-1264 a.h.), not only the socio-political causes, but also the different institutions, nobles and personalities took an important role to penetrate and develop of f...

one of the most important institutions of a city is hospital as it is directly involved with life of the citizens. this review article aimed to study the circumstance of establishing newer hospitals in isfahan city, iran, which was started in late qajar dynasty era with a pause during the constitutional era and was extended to reza shah pahlavi in its modern form. the main references for this s...