The retina of the frog was superfused with a Ringer solution containing impermeant "probe" cations and anions. Light-evoked concentration changes in these probe ions were measured in the subretinal space (SRS) with ion-selective microelectrodes. A decrease in probe ion concentration was found, and several observations suggest that this is caused by a light-evoked expansion of the SRS. The probe...

The development of ionic liquids with low viscosity and high ionic conductivity is important for many applications of ionic liquids, such as their use as electrolytes for electronic devices. The transport properties depend on the motion of ions in ionic liquids. The viscosity becomes low and the ionic conductivity becomes high as the diffusion of ions becomes fast. Therefore the elucidation of ...

In this study, the correlated resolution-of-identity Møller–Plesset perturbation theory of second order (RIMP2) ab initio level has been combined with newly parameterised, flexible SPC-mTR2 water model to formulate an advanced QM/MM MD simulation protocol study solvation properties solutes F−, Cl− and Br− in aqueous solution. After identification suitable ion–water Lennard–Jones parameters for ...

The photodissociation and recombination of a dihalide ion embedded in a cluster illustrates the crucial role played by the solvent in chemical reactions that involve charged species. In these strongly interacting systems, the solvent does not merely interrupt and redirect motion on the potential energy surfaces of the isolated molecule, it profoundly modifies the surfaces themselves. As the dih...

The mechanism of the denaturing effects of urea and the guanidinium ion on proteins is still an unsolved and important problem in protein chemistry. Changes in the hydrogen bond network of water in the first hydration shell of urea and guanidinium were analyzed in terms of the random network model using Monte Carlo simulations. Bulk water consists of two populations of hydrogen bonds: a predomi...

The effective thickness of the unstirred fluid layer (USL) adjacent to an epithelial barrier can be estimated from the time course for the accumulation or depletion of a solute at the membrane surface. In 1985 we reported an unstirred layer thickness of approximately 70 microns for Necturus gallbladder epithelium. In our earlier studies the delay caused by noninstantaneous bulk solution mixing ...

the density (d), speed of sound (u) and electrolytic conductivity (λ) for systems containing acetaminophen, ionic liquid {1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide, [omim] br} and water have been measured at t = 293.15-308.15 k. the measured data have been applied to calculate, standard partial molar volume ( ), hepler’s constant , apparent molar isentropic compressibility (kφ), transfer volume ( ),...

catalyse the movement of small polar or charged molecules across the hydrophobic barrier of the membrane bilayer. A large class of these proteins, termed secondary transporters, use the discharge of an ionic gradient to power the ‘uphill’ translocation of solute molecules across membranes. By coupling solute movement to ion transport, secondary transporters are able to concentrate solutes acros...

Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been used to explore the Stokes' shift dynamics and rotational relaxation of a dipolar solute probe in molten mixtures of acetamide (CH(3)CONH(2)) with sodium and potassium thiocyanates (Na /KSCN) at T approximately 318 K and several other higher temperatures. The dipolar solute probe employed for this study is coumarin 1...

Brackish-water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination facilities are designed to treat feedwater within a fixed range in salinity. If the salinity and ion concentrations of rises above maximum design concentrations, then plant may ultimately fail. BWRO plants typically use groundwater as source. Prior process design, detailed assessment is made characterize source aquifer system develop solute-tra...