Observations over the past two solar cycles show a highly irregular pattern of occurrence for major solar flares, γ-ray events, and solar energetic particle (SEP) fluences. Such phenomena do not appear to follow the direct indices of solar magnetic activity, such as the sunspot number. I show that this results from non-Poisson occurrence for the most energetic events. This Letter also points ou...

A Hale cycle, one complete magnetic cycle of the Sun, spans two complete Schwabe cycles (also referred to as sunspot and, more generally, solar cycles). The approximately 22-year Hale cycle is seen in magnetic polarities of both sunspots and polar fields, as well as in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays reaching Earth, with oddand even-numbered solar cycles displaying qualitatively different...

Both coronal holes and active regions are source of the solar wind. The distribution these structures across both space time is well known, but it unclear how much each contributes to In this study we use photospheric magnetic field maps observed over past four cycles estimate what fraction open flux rooted in regions, a proxy for all wind originating regions. We find that fractional contributi...