Bubble formation in the conduits of woody plants sets a challenge for uninterrupted water transportation from the soil up to the canopy. Freezing and thawing of stems has been shown to increase the number of air-filled (embolized) conduits, especially in trees with large conduit diameters. Despite numerous experimental studies, the mechanisms leading to bubble formation during freezing have not...

During winter, trees have to cope with harsh conditions, including extreme freeze-thaw stress. This study focused on ice nucleation and propagation, related water shifts and xylem cavitation, as well as cell damage and was based on in situ monitoring of xylem (thermocouples) and surface temperatures (infrared imaging), ultrasonic emissions, and dendrometer analysis. Field experiments during lat...

The article considered the problem of influence insolation on depth soil freezing. In sunny and shadow zones, building has different freezing thawing conditions. Natural laboratory excrement were carried out to determine difference in temperatures. Based data obtained experimentally, a numerical calculation building-base model was made.

Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics...

1013 W in the soil–plant–atmosphere system are important at the local, regional, and global scales. Direct measurement of these fl uxes is generally limited to a few locations and to relatively short periods. Many computer simulation models have been developed to study the spatial and temporal patterns in water and energy fl uxes. Th e models facilitate studying larger spatial domains and longe...