Spray adjuvants can be employed in the foliar application of fertiliser to ensure adhesion of aqueous sprays to the waxy surfaces of foliage (wetters), to improve coverage of spray on foliage (spreaders), to minimise weathering of fertiliser deposits on foliage (stickers/extenders), and to increase the uptake of fertiliser into foliage (humectants, pH modifiers, and penetrants). Even with impro...

The disease environment, health problems and causes of mortality of enslaved Barbadians are described. Data are derived mainly from documentary sources; also included are bio-archaeological data from analyses of skeletons recovered from Newton Plantation cemetery. Major topics include infectious diseases transmitted from person to person, as well as those contracted through water soil, and othe...

Inorganic particulate matter in foods and drugs is discussed from the standpoint of determination by optical microscopy, source, and regulatory significance. Some particulate matter may be generated as extraneous material and traced to specific operational practices during processing and production with excessive levels associated with deficiencies in good manufacturing practices. Other particl...

Acid soils limit crop production on 30-40% of the world’s arable land and up to 70% of the world’s potentially arable land (Haug, 1983). Although the poor fertility of acid soils is due to a combination of mineral toxicities (aluminum and manganese) and deficiencies (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and molybdenum), Al toxicity is the single most important factor, being a major constraint for cr...

Ecologically, the swamp, or highbush blueberry, Vacxiniunt corymbosum L., differs fundamentally from other cultivated plants in its requirements for an acid soil, a conistant source of moisture (6), and a relatively high anion nutrient uptake (19). In conjunction with studies on blueberry nutrition presented elsewhere (19), data were obtained on the effect of mineral nutrient deficiencies and a...

The most immediate effect of anaerobic soil conditions on plants is a reduction in aerobic respiration in roots. Root cells switch to anaerobic respiration which is much less efficient than aerobic respiration. Under normal aerobic conditions 30 to 32 mol ATP are produced per hexose sugar by oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle and glucolysis, whereas at anoxic conditions only 2 mol ATP...