Positive resists form an indene carboxylic acid during exposure making them soluble in aqueous alkaline solutions. Therefore, positive resists develop where they have been exposed, while the unexposed areas remain on the substrate. Since positive resists do not cross-link, the resist structures rounden beyond their softening point of typically 100-130°C. Negative resists such as the AZ® nLOF 20...

Solids deform and fluids flow, but soft glassy materials, such as emulsions, foams, suspensions, and pastes, exhibit an intricate mix of solid- and liquid-like behavior. While much progress has been made to understand their elastic (small strain) and flow (infinite strain) properties, such understanding is lacking for the softening and yielding phenomena that connect these asymptotic regimes. H...

'Taishanzaoxia' fruit rapid softening and dehiscence during ripening stage and this process is very sensitive to endogenous ethylene. In this study, we cloned five ethylene signal transcription factors (ZMdEIL1, ZMdEIL2, ZMdEIL3, ZMdERF1 and ZMdERF2) and one functional gene, ZMdPG1, encoding polygalacturonase that could loose the cell connection which associated with fruit firmness decrease and...

An object-oriented application programming interface (API) must satisfy two con icting requirements. On the one hand, it is desirable to have a low-level, primitive API, in order to simplify documentation and speci cation of semantics, and to make the API accessible to a large group of potential developers. On the other hand, a particular application programmer often requires higher level acces...

It was observed by Veltman a long time ago that a special value for the Higgs boson mass could lead to a cancellation of the quadratically divergent corrections to the Higgs boson’s squared mass which appear at one loop. We present a class of low energy models that allow to soften the naturalness problem in the sense that there can be a cancellation of radiative corrections appearing at one loo...

The removal of calcium and magnesium ions (softening) from clear juice can be beneficial to downstream processes. Such benefits include reduced evaporator scaling and the improved potential for the application ofion exclusion chromatography for additional sucrose recovery. The results of experiments in the laboratory and on a pilot plant scale are presented. These show that it is possible to so...

a semi-micromechanical multilaminate model is introduced here to predict the mechanical behavior of soils. this model is like a bridge between micro and macro scale upon the satisfaction of minimum potential energy level during any applied stress/strain increments. the concept of this model is based on a certain number of sampling planes which constitute the elastic-plastic behavior of the soil...

Semi-analytical calculations for the two-body relaxation in softened potentials are presented and compared with N-body simulations. With respect to a Keplerian potential the increase of the relaxation time in the modified potentials is generally less than one order of magnitude, typically between 2 and 5, if the softening length is of the order of the mean interparticle distance. A comparison b...

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) provides a window on the pervasive influence of strain coupling at phase transitions in perovskites through determination of elastic and anelastic relaxations across wide temperature intervals and with the application of external fields. In particular, large variations of elastic constants occur at structural, ferroelectric and electronic transitions and, ...

The mechanical properties of materials are highly sensitive to the content impurities and point defects due their interaction with plastic deformation carriers-dislocations. This opens up possibility some extent control through alloying creating solid solutions. In a number crystalline materials, in addition well-known solid-solution strengthening region low concentration solution atoms, opposi...