The difference due to the content of a priori information between a constrained retrieval and the true atmospheric state is usually represented by a diagnostic quantity called smoothing error. In this paper it is shown that, regardless of the usefulness of the smoothing error as a diagnostic tool in its own right, the concept of the smoothing error as a component of the retrieval error budget i...

the relationship between financial ratios and stock return has been studied in many researches and the presence of income smoothing in tehran stock exchange (tse) has been verified. because of importance of financial reports in predicting and decision making process, income smoothing would be a critical factor in this area. in this paper, the income smoothing impact on relationship between fina...

Using stochastic modelling, we demonstrate that the best investment strategy for the accumulation phase of a defined contribution pension plan is one that limits the range of returns that are credited to the plan member's account. In particular, we show that with-profit accumulation programmes which make use of a smoothing fund to smooth out returns over time dominate unit-linked accumulation p...

Novel static, time-dependent and spatial-temporal solutions of Einstein field equations, displaying singularities, with and without horizons, and in several dimensions are found based on a dimensional reduction procedure widely used in Kaluza-Klein type theories. The Kerr-Newman black-hole entropy as well as the Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr and Schwarzschild black-hole entropy are derived from the ...

This paper establishes an anticipating stochastic differential equation of parabolic type for the expectation of the solution of a stochastic differential equation conditioned on complete knowledge of the path of one of its components. Conversely, it is shown that any appropriately regular solution of this stochastic p.d.e. must be given by the conditional expectation. These results generalize ...

Using stochastic modelling, we demonstrate that the best investment strategy for the accumulation phase of a defined contribution pension plan is one that limits the range of returns that are credited to the plan member’s account. In particular, we show that with-profit accumulation programmes which make use of a smoothing fund to smooth out returns over time dominate unit-linked accumulation p...

Motivated by the success of internal habit formation preferences in explaining asset pricing puzzles, we introduce these preferences in a life-cycle model of consumption and portfolio choice with liquidity constraints, undiversifiable labor income risk and stock-market participation costs. In contrast to the initial motivation, we find that the model is not able to simultaneously match two very...

Two 900-year records of annual accumulation at South Pole are compared to evaluate the origin and significance of observed variations. Despite difficulties establishing absolute timescales, due to problems identifying annual layer markers, the two records can be correlated with confidence after moderate smoothing. This correlation shows that over the time period considered (1050-1956 A.D.) no c...

Estimates of transfer functions from measurements contain undesired information – noise – whose effect can partly be taken away by applying different smoothing techniques. One such smoothing technique suggests to remove the noise by gating the impulse response in the time domain, hence the name time-gating. This paper shows that time-gating is a special case of a more general smoothing techniqu...