One of the main architectural characteristics in the central area of Iran is the relation between life and climatic conditions; e.g., the four-seasonal house which is a typical kind of the central-yard house. As the climate of Isfahan is more pleasant than other desert regions in the central part of Iran, wind towers are replaced with skylights to ventilate the pool area of hoze-khane. So far, ...

The vertical polarization distribution pattern of sea fog multilayer media and skylight in the atmosphere is explored. To change complicated maritime environment, simplified double layer structure employed, scattering coefficients uniform medium are derived using Rayleigh Mie methods, respectively. Using adding-doubling method (RT3) based on vector radiation transmission equation, between two l...

The building envelope provides thermal comfort, an excellent visual view, and sunlight for the occupants. It consists of two parts: (i) opaque (non-transparent) part (e.g., walls roofs) (ii) a transparent windows, curtain walls, skylight devices). Recently, use fully-glazed facades, especially in large cities, has increased due to their aesthetical structural advantages. This led this study rev...

A shadow is created when an object lies in the path of a light source. Shadows are cast by the occluding object, or the object itself can be shaded; a phenomenon known as “self-shading”. Due to the difference between the light intensity reaching a shaded region and a directly lit region, shadows are often characterized by strong brightness gradients. While non-shadow regions are illuminated by ...