Of the two known vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VPAC1R and VPAC2R), the VPAC2R is expressed in skeletal muscle. To evaluate the function of the VPAC2R in the physiological control of skeletal muscle mass, we utilized the VPAC1R selective agonist [K15,R16,L27]VIP(1-7) GRF(8-27)-NH2 and the VPAC2R selective agonist Ro-25-1553 to treat mice and rats undergoing either nerve damage-, corti...

Abstract: Background: Ellis–Van-Creveld syndrome (EVC), otherwise known as chondroectodermal dysplasia. EVC presents several skeletal manifestations and congenital heart malformations. EVC syndrome consists of a tetrad of principal features: chondroectodermal dysplasia, polydactyly, congenital heart defects, and hypoplastic nails and teeth. In this syndrome alteration in the mechanical proper...

While much has been learned about skeletal muscle formation in the embryo, less is known about the molecular pathways controlling skeletal myocyte survival and plasticity in the adult. Tissue remodelling is an important physiological process which allows skeletal muscle to respond to environmental demands. In particular, the complex contractile properties of skeletal muscle depend upon a hetero...

Skeletal muscle comprises approximately 40% of the total body mass. Preserving muscle health and function is essential for the entire body in order to counteract chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Prolonged physical inactivity, particularly among the elderly, causes muscle atrophy, a pathological state with adverse outcomes such as poor quality of li...

Skeletal muscle regeneration is the process that ensures tissue repair after damage by injury or in degenerative diseases such as muscular dystrophy. Satellite cells, the adult skeletal muscle progenitor cells, are commonly considered to be the main cell type involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Their mechanism of action in this process is extensively characterized. However, evidence accum...

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process, which is not yet completely understood. Satellite cells, the skeletal muscle stem cells, become activated after trauma, proliferate, and migrate to the site of injury. Depending on the severity of the myotrauma, activated satellite cells form new multinucleated myofibers or fuse to damaged myofibers. The specific microenvironment of the satelli...

Cathepsin K, a papain-like cysteine protease, is highly expressed in osteoclasts and plays a critical role in bone resorption. Dysfunction of the enzyme leads to various skeletal abnormalities. The recent knowledge that the collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K depends on interactions with bone and cartilage-resident glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may shed some light on diseases such as mucopolysac...

Muscle wasting is frequently observed in patients with kidney disease, and low muscle strength is associated with poor outcomes in these patients. However, little is known about the effects of skeletal muscle growth per se on kidney diseases. In this study, we utilized a skeletal muscle-specific, inducible Akt1 transgenic (Akt1 TG) mouse model that promotes the growth of functional skeletal mus...

Malignancy can have different impacts on the structure and function of skeletal muscles. There are only a few of the primary muscle cancer annually with less than one such case per one million inhabitants. The most common malignant tumor arising in muscle is rhabdomyosarcoma. Location, histologic appearance and tumor genetics all impact the likelihood of cure. The secondary malignant involvemen...

Skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of congenital bone and cartilage disorders with genetic etiology. The current classification skeletal distinguishes 461 diseases in 42 groups. incidence all is more than 1 every 5000 newborns. type dysplasia associated abnormalities affect the lethality, survival long-term prognosis dysplasias. It crucial to distinguish correctly diagnose disease es...