One-third to half of patients taking clozapine suffer from refractory symptoms despite adequate treatment. Among other adverse effects, clozapine-induced hypersalivation (CIH) occurs in approximately half of all patients. This is a case of a 30-year-old male with refractory schizophrenia; in this patient, the remission of residual positive symptoms, as well as the reduction of CIH, was achieved...

INTRODUCTION Autonomic disorders (AD) are one of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of AD in PD patients and their relationship with age, gender, disease duration, treatment duration, L-dopa dose, and disease severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS 101 patients with PD were recruited. Anamnesis was recorded with a focus on orthostatic hypo...

Awareness of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease is growing during the last decade. Among these, oral cavity disorders are, although prevalent, often neglected by the patients, their caregivers, and physicians. Some of these disorders include increased prevalence of caries and periodontal disease, sialorrhea and drooling, xerostomia, orofacial pain, bruxism, and taste impairment. Though ma...

The causes of severe sialorrhea (drooling) are reviewed, and in particular in children in whom it can become a life-long disability. The history of medical and surgical treatments is discussed. A major advance has been the surgical relocation of the submandibular gland ducts with removal of sublingual glands. The results of this operation, technical considerations, and its outcomes in 16 childr...

INTRODUCTION Most dental procedures require a dry working environment. Although many evaporative drying methods are available, an additional reduction of salivary flow would often be helpful. METHODS This prospective randomized cross-over study compares salivary production in 31 volunteers during direct, indirect, and non-suggestive (control group) intervention. Overall, each volunteer underw...

BACKGROUND Drooling is a common dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy and may also affect neurologically unimpaired children. It causes significant social handicap to both children and their families. METHODS The data in this article are supported by a Medline search (November 2008) utilising the keywords drooling, sialorrhea, botulinum toxin, salivary duct ligation and also by the use ...

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used for over a quarter of century for the treatment of well over 100 different indications. Many of the symptoms for which BoNT has been found to be effective occur in a variety of neurological disorders. One neurodegenerative disorder in which BoNT has been used extensively to treat various symptoms is Parkinson's disease (PD). This review will highlight the fo...