i n the past decades, the effect of different tax amendments on various economic issues has been studied. the majority of these studies have avoided considering shadow economy as part of the calculation and analysis, and an issue, which has received little attention, is the relationship between green tax reforms and shadow economy, as for informal labor, which is well-connected to unemployment ...

Physically accurate soft shadows in 3D applications can be simulated by taking multiple samples from all over the area light source and accumulating them. Due to the unpredictability of the size of the penumbra regions, the required sampling density has to be high in order to guarantee smooth shadow transitions in all cases. Hence, several hundreds of shadow maps have to be evaluated in any sce...

Bubbles, seeds, stones, and striae can be detected by illuminating the sample with a bright light and observing the scattered light. The use of a shadow graph or Foucault knife-edge (Schlieren) is very useful in detecting internal defects. In the Schlieren test, shown in Fig. 2-1, the irregularities become visible since they deviate light past the stop. If the surfaces are not polished, they ma...

The asymptotics of 2-colour Ramsey numbers of loose and tight cycles in 3-uniform hypergraphs were recently determined [16, 17]. We address the same problem for Berge cycles and for 3 colours. Our main result is that the 3-colour Ramsey number of a 3-uniform Berge cycle of length n is asymptotic to 5n 4 . The result is proved with the Regularity Lemma via the existence of a monochromatic connec...

We present a fully automatic segmentation method to extract media-adventitia border in IVUS images with shape prior information. Segmentation of IVUS has shown to be an intricate process due to relatively low contrast and various forms of interferences and artefacts caused by, for instance, calcification and acoustic shadow. We incorporate shape prior with an automatic graph cut technique to pr...

Graph neural network (GNN) has achieved great success on graph representation learning. Challenged by large-scale private data collected from user side, GNN may not be able to reflect the excellent performance, without rich features and complete adjacent relationships. Addressing problem, vertical federated learning (VFL) is proposed implement local protection through training a global model co...

We show that Kauffman brackets of colored framed graphs (also known as quantum spin networks) can be renormalized to a Laurent polynomial with integer coefficients by multiplying it by a coefficient which is a product of quantum factorials depending only on the abstract combinatorial structure of the graph. Then we compare the shadow-state sums and the state-sums based on R-matrices and Clebsch...

The asymptotics of 2-color Ramsey numbers of loose and tight cycles in 3-uniform hypergraphs have been recently determined ([16], [17]). We address here the same problem for Berge-cycles and for 3 colors. Our main result is that the 3-color Ramsey number of a 3-uniform Berge cycle of length n is asymptotic to 5n 4 . The result is proved with the Regularity Lemma via the existence of a monochrom...