Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging water treatment technology with potential applications in desalination and wastewater reclamation. In FO, water is extracted from a feed solution using the high osmotic pressure of a hypertonic solution that flows on the opposite side of a semipermeable membrane; however, solutes diffuse simultaneously through the membrane in both directions and may jeopardiz...

The ability to make artificial lipid bilayers compatible with a wide range of environments, and with sufficient structural rigidity for manual handling, would open up a wealth of opportunities for their more routine use in real-world applications. Although droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) have been demonstrated in a host of laboratory applications, from chemical logic to biosynthesis reaction ...

Foundations of biosensor and its technological advancements thereof, was laid down by father of the biosensor, Professor Leland C Clark Jnr., in 1956 with advent of Clark oxygen electrode. The first biosensor dates back to 1962, when Clark and Lyons of the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital proposed the first enzyme based electrode to measure blood glucose[26]. The underlying principle being monito...

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled...

.he cornea performs its main optical function not directly by cellular activity but by the physicochemical arrangement of its inert collagen and mucopolysaccharides. The swelling of the ground substance largely determines whether the collagen fibrils are in their normal lattice arrangement, transparent to light, or whether this delicate alignment is distorted. Ultimately, the movement of water ...

Porins are proteins that form water-filled channels across the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and thus make this membrane semipermeable. There are four types of porins: general/nonspecific porins, substrate-specific porins, gated porins, and efflux porins (also called channel-tunnels). The recent publication of the genomic sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has dramatically incr...

hard gelatin capsule filled with acetaminophen, osmotic agent (sorbitol), a release promoter (sodium dodecyl sulfate), coated with a semipermeable cellulose acetate membrane containing a hydrophobic plasticizer (castor oil) and sealed with white bees wax plug was designed. when placed in the sink water penetrates the membrane, dissolves the osmotic agent and increases the osmotic pressure insid...

Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) has drawn attention motivated by their application in generating reagents from salts. Due to the water splitting (WS) occurring at junction of (BPMs), where anion and cation layers are strict contact, H+ OH- released BPM producing acid alkali on respective compartment. Considering this application, interest work is provide further understanding mech...

In control theory, a semipermeable surface is an (in general nonsmooth) oriented surface that, on one hand, contains solutions (the so-called barrier solutions) of the controlled system and, on the other hand, may be crossed by the solutions of this system in only one direction. Without making any assumption on the regularity of the boundary of the semipermeable surface, we show that the barrie...