In this paper energy bands and Berry curvature of graphene was studied. Desired Hamiltonian regarding the next-nearest neighbors obtained by tight binding model. By using the second quantization approach, the transformation matrix is calculated and the Hamiltonian of system is diagonalized. With this Hamiltonian, the band structure and wave function can be calculated. By using calculated wave f...

This paper is the extension of two-stage vector quantization–(spherical) lattice vector quantization (VQ–(S)LVQ) recently introduced by Pan and Fischer [1]. First, according to high resolution quantization theory, generalized vector quantization–lattice vector quantization (G-VQ–LVQ) is formulated in order to release the constraint of the spherical boundary for the second-stage lattice vector q...

A new approach to constructing the noncommutative scalar field theory is presented. Not only between x̂i and p̂j, we impose commutation relations between x̂is as well as p̂js, and give a new representation of x̂i, p̂js. We carry out both firstand second-quantization explicitly. The second-quantization is performed in both the operator formalism and the functional integral one. e-mail: [email protected]...

We study the vacuum structure in free QED utilizing the technic of the second quantization. There is argument of the gauge independence of physical states in the paper. We give an effect characterizing the second quantization. How to produce general physical states is also shown.

Two-sided quantum K-systems can be considered on the C* and von Neumann level. Via rst and second quantization examples can be constructed without obstacles on the C* level. On the von Neumann level, however, q-deformation in second quantization prohibits KMS-states. Nevertheless, an example can be found of a two-sided modular K-system, where the relative commutants are trivial.

Image and video compression has become an increasingly important and active area. Many techniques have been developed in this area. Any compression technique can be modeled as a threestage process. The jirst stage can be generally called a signal processing stage where an image or video signal is converted into a direrent domain. Usually, there is no or little loss of information in this stage....

A simple approach is proposed for the quantization of the electromagnetic field in nonlinear and inhomogeneous media. Given the dielectric function and nonlinear susceptibilities, the Hamiltonian of the electromagnetic field is determined completely by this quantization method. From Heisenberg’s equations we derive Maxwell’s equations for the field operators. When the nonlinearity goes to zero,...