.. ...................................... I Acknowledgements .................................. Declaration ...................................... List of Figures ..................................... List of Tables ..................................... xii Nomenclature ..................................... xii

....................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES .............

................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................

OF THE DISSERTATION .................................................................... ii DEDICATION..............................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................

Hypoglossal motoneurons (XII MNs) control muscles of the mammalian tongue and are rhythmically active during breathing. Acetylcholine (ACh) modulates XII MN activity by promoting the release of glutamate from neurons that express nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Chronic nicotine exposure alters nAChRs on neurons throughout the brain, including brain stem respiratory neurons. Here we test the h...

The effects of prenatal X-irradiation on hypoglossal (XII) nucleus were investigated in the rat. Pregnant animals were exposed to a single whole body X-irradiation on day 11 and 16 of gestation at a does of 1.3 Gy. The offspring were killed at 7-14 days of age for the histological and immunohistochemical observations. Nissl staining revealed no significant changes of XII motoneurons in these ex...

Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a membrane-tethered cell surface enzyme that is highly expressed on many human tumor cells. Carbonic anhydrase members in this class of exofacial molecules facilitate tumor metabolism by facilitating CO2 venting and intracellular pH regulation. Accordingly, inhibition of exofacial CAs has been proposed as a general therapeutic strategy to target cancer. The re...

OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury is a major global public health problem for which specific therapeutic interventions are lacking. There is, therefore, a pressing need to identify innovative pathomechanism-based effective therapies for this condition. Thrombus formation in the cerebral microcirculation has been proposed to contribute to secondary brain damage by causing pericontusional ischemia...

34 35 Hypoglossal motor neurons (XII MNs) control muscles of the mammalian tongue, and are 36 rhythmically active during breathing. Acetylcholine (ACh) modulates XII MN activity by 37 promoting the release of glutamate from neurons that express nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). 38 Chronic nicotine exposure alters nAChRs on neurons throughout the brain, including brainstem 39 respiratory neurons...

The present study was an attempt to identify the location of genioglossal respiratory and swallowing motoneuron cell bodies within the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus using both electrophysiological and morphological studies. The genioglossus muscle is innervated by the genioglossal branch of the medial XII nerve. At the entrance to the muscle, the genioglossal branch divides in the directions of the...