soil in which they were found but are the remains of animals living in the sea on whose bed the soil (sediment) was deposited. The latter paper is a summary of a projected further work which unfortunately never appeared. It is the Prodromus that contained the first statement of the Law of Superposition; and much more. 'If, in a certain stratum, we find great abundance of rushes, grass, pine con...

X amateur who builds a radio trans­ mitter is likely to measure his success and pleasure in terms of the transmission range he achieves. In such terms there is more pleasure in talking with another "ham" across the country than with one in the next coun­ ty, even if the more distant operator turns out to be a rather dull fellow. The aim of reaching out ever farther has spurred amateur radio ope...

Clinician-scientists are becoming increasingly rare in medicine as a whole, but especially in ophthalmology. There is a structural gap between MD-PhD training and K-series awards where interested candidates go through residency and fellowship without any structured research exposure or involvement. Furthermore, the success rate of the MD-PhD and K awards leaves much to be desired. The authors p...

Imagine a yawn. You stretch your jaws open in a wide gape, take a deep inward breath, followed by a shorter exhalation, and end by closing your jaws. Ahhh. You have just joined vertebrates everywhere in one of the animal kingdom's most ancient rites. Mammals and most other animals with backbones yawn; fish, turtles, crocodiles and birds do it. People start yawning very early, offering further e...

Children often think that classroom science is not ‘real’ science. They also carry a poor image of ‘real’ science and scientists. Ask a group of children to draw or describe a scientist and — apart from portraying the scientist as a middle-aged male, with glasses and wild hair — they nearly always associate him with eccentricity and absent-mindedness, madness even. Worse, the context will often...

SAKURAI, Hidehiro Associate Professor HIGASHIBAYASHI, Shuhei Assistant Professor PANDA, Gautam Visiting Scientist; JSPS Invited Fellow MURUGADOSS, Arumugam Visiting Scientist; JSPS Post-Doctoral Fellow TAN, Qi-Tao Visiting Scientist; JSPS Post-Doctoral Fellow MORITA, Yuki Post-Doctoral Fellow SUGIISHI, Tsuyuka Post-Doctoral Fellow REZA, A. F. G. Masud Visiting Scientist (JASSO Follow-up Researc...

American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines require that all psychologists be trained to integrate science and practice in their work. The majority of psychologists have been trained in a scientist-practitioner model to both utilize and produce scientific research. However, the day-to-day integration of research and clinical practice is rare for most psychologists. Changes in the health...

scientists I warn them about the unsustainability trap that I fell into. And I try to instill the idea that the goal is to stride across the finish line—whether you are completing a postdoc, getting tenure, or reaching some other career goal—with a smile on your face, not in a state of collapse. But how? A sustainable scientist is still a hard-working scientist. Combining hard work with laserli...

Proficiency in art and illustration was once considered an essential skill for biologists, because text alone often could not suffice to describe observations of biological systems. With modern imaging technology, it is no longer necessary to illustrate what we can see by eye. However, in molecular and cellular biology, our understanding of biological processes is dependent on our ability to sy...

A plant Photosystem I (PSI) is a large membrane super-complex that drives photosynthesis. PSI captures sunlight through sophisticated pigment network and uses the energy to perform transmembrane electron transfer. It consists of the reaction center complex (RC), where the charge separation reaction takes place and the light harvesting complex (LHCI), which serves as an additional antenna system...