Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) encompass a group of diseases affecting several mammalian species—mink, cats, sheep, goats, cattle, deer, and elk (Figure 1)—including humans. These diseases are transmissible because they are capable of being transferred from one animal to another, spongiform because they cause the appearance of sponge-like holes in the brain of those affected, ...

(1) Biological species are not classes, as traditionally defined, because they have no essence and because they have various properties (see 2 and 3) that are incompatible with the class concept. (2) Among non-class properties of species are their spatiotemporal localization, their boundedness, their internal cohesiveness, and their capacity to change (evolve). (3) Other non-class properties of...

Since the late 1950s, a significant number of authors tried to use Galperin’s approach (which is well-known as the “Theory of planned stage-by-stage formation of mental actions”, or the PSFMA Theory) to improve schooling processes and results. Looking back at the more than fifty-year history of Galperin’s approach, one may note that the 1960s and the early 1970s were the periods of the great op...

ISSUE ADDRESSED To explore and describe the social-environmental influence upon the likelihood of smoking tobacco for the Australian experience, in particular, Victoria. METHODS A multilevel (hierarchically structured regression) method was used. The micro-level units (characteristics of individuals) came from the annual surveys conducted by the Cancer Council of Victoria from 1990-97. The de...

this article investigates women's status in the nobel prize foundation between the periods 1901 to 2006 as well as twenty academies of sciences in twenty countries. the data obtained from the foundation and also the questionnaires used reveal that female elite scientists constituted a small portion of the elite societies so that during 1901 to 2006 almost four percent of the nobel laureate...