I raqi civilians were dancing and singing in the streets of Baghdad on the morning of 9 April 2003, while the American military consolidated efforts to secure the city. On that day it was obvious that Saddam Hussein had been deposed. In spite of the celebrations, however, coalition soldiers continued to meet opposition. By then the world could clearly see that at least some Iraqis were happy to...

the current study examines contradictions in muhammad mahdi al-jawahiri’s political poetry. al-jawahiri led most of his life amidst the turmoil caused by the political events and developments that iraq has undergone through different periods beginning with the 1920 revolution led by religious leaders and ending with al-ba‘th party and saddam hussein. al-jawahiri has beencontradictory in his poe...

Abstract This article investigates the collective memory that occurred as a result of chemical attack on Halabja, March 16, 1988. In light discussions deal with and reconciliation in post-genocide societies, we look at how “postmemory” are formed among survivors their descendants. The merit is it brings together victim's accounts creates bottom-up perspective challenges official created by Kurd...

The presence of Shii communities in Europe is increasingly felt, especially as they establish independent religious and social infrastructures. Supporters different Shii–Islamist political parties have established transnational links connecting diasporic with their countries origin. These shaped been by religious, dynamics the Middle East. This article examines how lamentation poetry performed ...

CONTEXT Physicians are known to have participated in human rights abuses in Iraq during Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime, but the nature and extent of that participation are not well documented. OBJECTIVES To characterize the nature of physician participation in human rights abuses, identify structural factors that facilitated physician participation, and assess approaches for accountability ...

Regional geopolitical conditions shaped after the First World War enabled Iran to establish close relations with Iraqi Kurds. During this period, between Iran, who wanted protect its interests in region against Iraq, and Kurds rule themselves, were within framework of Iran's general Baghdad administration.After US invasion Iraq 2003, transformed. As a result fall Saddam Hussein, priorities have...