BACKGROUND Some patients with faecal incontinence are not amenable to simple surgical sphincter repair, due to sphincter weakness in the absence of a structural defect. AIMS To evaluate the efficacy and possible mode of action of short term stimulation of sacral nerves in patients with faecal incontinence and a structurally intact external anal sphincter. PATIENTS Twelve patients with faeca...

Background—Some patients with faecal incontinence are not amenable to simple surgical sphincter repair, due to sphincter weakness in the absence of a structural defect. Aims—To evaluate the eYcacy and possible mode of action of short term stimulation of sacral nerves in patients with faecal incontinence and a structurally intact external anal sphincter. Patients—Twelve patients with faecal inco...

BACKGROUND Chronic testicular pain, or "chronic orchalgia," is defined as testicular pain 3 months or longer in duration that significantly interferes with the daily activities of the patient. For patients failing to respond to conservative treatment, microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord, epididymectomy, and vasovasostomy have all shown a degree of relief. However, these are all inva...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to compare a neuroprotective effect of thoracic cord neuromodulation to that of sacral nerve neuromodulation in rat thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) model. METHODS Twenty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the normal control group (n=5), SCI with sham stimulation group (SCI, n=5), SCI with electrical stimulation at thoracic ...

Emerging clinical application of electrical stimulation in three systems is reviewed. In the bladder, stimulation of sacral posterior roots reduces reflex incontinence and significantly improves bladder capacity. With the combination of anterior and posterior root stimulation, bladder control can be achieved without the need for rhizotomy. Preliminary research demonstrates that bladder contract...