The formal Darwinism project aims to provide a mathematically rigorous basis for optimisation thinking in relation to natural selection. This paper deals with the situation in which individuals in a population belong to classes, such as sexes, or size and/or age classes. Fisher introduced the concept of reproductive value into biology to help analyse evolutionary processes of populations divide...

This paper examines the stability and convergence of discretisa-tions of initial value p.d.e.'s using spatial discretisation followed by time integration with an explicit one-step method. A Cauchy integral representation is used to bound the growth in the discrete solution. New results are obtained regarding suucient conditions for both algebraic and strong stability. Suucient conditions are al...

For decades the German economy was bank centered and stakeholder oriented. Inherent to the system the capital market did not play a central role. Since the 1990s the German economy has undergone some fundamental changes. The old ‘Germany Inc.’ is in the progress of disintegration. With an increasing capital market orientation, the venture capital and IPO market almost gained ground automaticall...

An S-type singular value inclusion set for rectangular tensors is given. Based on the set, new upper and lower bounds for the largest singular value of nonnegative rectangular tensors are obtained and proved to be sharper than some existing results. Numerical examples are given to verify the theoretical results.

This note considers Tobin’s average Q in a framework where firms finance investment by equities and debt. The determination of its long-run equilibrium value Qo is based on positing equality of the loan rate and, adjusted for a risk premium, the return on equities. Qo can thus be characterized as a ratio of two rates representing the somewhat modified interest costs and profits of the firms. Th...

, © Stoltzfus This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and redistribution in any medium, provided that the original author and source are credited. In late May, Lior Pachter posted a blog entitled Pachter’s P-value prize, offering a cash prize for providing a probability calculation (...