Introduction: One difficulty in explaining the lunar late heavy bombardment (LHB) lies in identifying a source of impactors that survives at ~3.8 to 4 Gyr, so long after planet formation [1,2]. A leading theory is that the LHB was triggered by events in the outer solar system [3,4]. Any model that invokes an outer solar system source for the lunar LHB will also produce an intense bombardment on...

The series of acoustic emission events from loaded rock samples were studied by means of correlation analysis. As characteristic parameters of the correlation functions were chosen: the first values of the autocorrelation coefficients, the number of positive autocorrelation coefficients and the linearity of the autocorrelation function. The increase in the values of the autocorrelation coeffici...

OBJECTIVES To report the physiological responses of indoor rock climbing. METHODS Fourteen experienced climbers (nine men, five women) performed three climbing trials on an indoor climbing wall. Subjects performed three trials of increasing difficulty: (a) an easy 90 degrees vertical wall, (b) a moderately difficult negatively angled wall (106 degrees), and (c) a difficult horizontal overhang...

The secondary mineral budget on Earth is dominated by clay minerals, Al-hydroxides, and Fe-oxides, which are formed under the moderate pH, high water-to-rock ratio conditions typical of Earth's near-surface environment. In contrast, geochemical analyses of rocks and soils from landed missions to Mars indicate that secondary mineralogy is dominated by Mg (±Fe, Ca)-sulfates and Feoxides. This dis...

Biomarker molecules are valuable for the elucidation of ancient microbial ecosystems and the characterization of petroleum source rocks. For such studies, acquisition of reliable hydrocarbon data and proof of their syngeneity are essential. However, contamination of geological samples with anthropogenic petroleum products during drilling, storage and sampling can be particularly problematic bec...