Managing tracking error on an ex ante basis requires an ability to assess the possible effects of trades on a fund’s performance relative to its benchmark. Given a trading strategy, its potential for reducing tracking error must be balanced against trading costs and return expectations. This chapter presents several simple diagnostic tools to help fund managers evaluate alternative trading stra...

the issue of successful project management and control is of vital importance in today’s world. although the time and cost of any project is determined in advance, paying less attention to an appropriate control and revision will result in a small chance of reaching those goals. the earned value management method that shows deviation of projects schedules and costs is of the good method for thi...

in this paper, the researchers have proposed a multi-dimensional knapsack model for project capital budgeting problem in uncertain situation which has been modeled through fuzzy sets. the optimistic and pessimistic situations were considered and associated deterministic models were yielded. numerical example has been supplied toillustrate the performance of proposed model. the results were prom...

Recent research efforts in options pricing have shown that real options approaches are more appropriate for R&D project valuation because they account for the value of managerial flexibility to react to arising contingencies during R&D development. This technique allows for strategic decision-making in the context of hedging opportunities present in the financial markets by tracking the uncerta...

In the context of the scope, time, cost, and quality constraints, failure is not uncommon in project management. While small projects have 70% chances of success, large projects virtually have no chance of meeting the quadruple constraints. While there is no dearth of research on project risk management, the manifestation of barriers to project risk management is a less dwelt topic. The success...

uncertainties in industrial environments can cause considerable complexities, during the implementation and management of projects. so, performing a risk management model in such environments has become inevitable. in such circumstances, many risk management models have been introduced in literature, which majorities of them are general, while some of them are developed to be applied to specifi...

From the perspective of risk response in petroleum project investment, the authors use a group decisionmaking (GDM) approach based on a variable precision rough set (VPRS) model for risk knowledge discovery, where experts were invited to identify risk indices and evaluate risk exposure (RE) of individual projects. First, the approach of VPRS-based GDM is introduced. Next, while considering mult...

3 We integrate appealing features of Markowitz’s mean-variance portfolio theory (MVT) 4 and Shefrin and Statman’s behavioral portfolio theory (BPT) into a new mental accounting 5 (MA) framework. Features of the MA framework include an MA structure of portfolios, 6 a definition of risk as the probability of failing to reach the threshold level in each mental 7 account, and attitudes toward risk ...

risk response planning is one of the main phases in the project risk management and has major impacts on the success of a large-scale project. since projects are unique, and risks are dynamic through the life of the projects, it is necessary to formulate responses of the important risks. the conventional approaches tend to be less effective in dealing with the impreciseness of risk response pl...