bacteriorhodopsin operates as a light/proton transfer pump which converts the light energy into a proton gradient. energy stored in the proton gradient can be used in a variety of ways. bacteriorhodopsin producing sources are some halobacterium species such as halobacterium sodomense and halobacterium salinarum which continue to grow in harsh and salt-saturated conditions. two types of red pigm...

purpose: to compare the safety, efficacy, and visual results of laser in situ keratomileusis (lasik) in eyes with and without previous scleral buckling surgery in the same individuals. methods: in a prospective clinical trial, 14 eyes of 7 patients with myopic refractive error and history of scleral buckling in one eye, underwent lasik surgery in both eyes according to a standard surgical proto...

retinal detachment surgery has been considered an inpatient hospital procedure requiring preoperative and postoperative hospitalization. in this pilot study, outpatient retinal detachment surgery was performed on sixteen patients and the results (100% success rate after an average follow-up of 8.3 months) were comparable or better than reported overall success rates for retinal detachment in th...

hepatoblastoma (hb) is a rare tumor of infancy and childhood manifesting with hepatomegaly and abdominal distention. it is seen with increased frequency in association with congenital hemihypertrophy and renal anomalies. metastases to other organs, including the lungs, lymph nodes and even ovaries is well known. but cerebral metastasis of this tumor, especially in the absence of metastasis to o...

introduction malignant priapism due to cancers is a rare condition that only 30 cases of kidney cancers were reported. case presentation we report on the first case of simultaneous penile, renal vein, vena cava, liver and ipslateral adrenal gland metastases from primary renal cancer in a 56-year-old man. the only complain of the patient was a history of painful priapism for one month. corporogl...

a 33-year-old female presented with intermittent abdominal pain and severe attacks of lower gastrointestinal (gi) bleeding since 2 weeks. she has had history of irregular menses in last 3 months. in the labeled rbc-scan study, the bleeding site was detected in left upper quadrant (luq). in surgery, a tumor with the diameter of 2ã—1cm in a 65 cm distance of ligament of trietz was detected. in pa...

PURPOSE To report the effectiveness of indocyanine green mediated photothrombosis (IMP) combined with high dose (4 mg/0.16 ml) intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as adjunctive therapy for management of isolated choroidal metastasis from breast cancer. METHODS This retrospective interventional case report includes three eyes of two patients with choroidal metastasis from breast cancer. Both patien...

Metastatic carcinoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in the adult population, and the most common primary cancers are breast cancer, followed by lung cancer [1]. In all ocular metastases, uveal metastasis is the most common form. The choroid is the most common site for uveal metastasis [2]. Shah et al. [3] investigated 194 patients with uveal metastasis from lung cancer and found that...

ba c k g r o u nd: skin  metastases occur  in  1-5%  of  solid  tumors  and  are  rarely the presenting sign of internal malignancies. certain features in skin lesions raise suspicion of metastasis from solid tumors. c a s e presentation: in this article a 61-year-old woman is presented with erythematous skin nodules  in  upper  abdomen  and  chest. histopathological evaluation  of  lesions sug...