Males of many species possess striking weaponry used in intrasexual competition for access to females. Until recently, there were no known cases of male weaponry being used against females in sexual coercion. However, in the camel cricket, Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus, males use modified hind legs to fight with each other and also to trap females and force them to copulate. To determine whethe...

BACKGROUND Retroaortic left renal vein, is a rare congenital anomaly. CASE CHARACTERISTICS A 14-day-old male neonate with retrocrortic left renal vein with posterior nutcracker phenomenon resulting in renal congestion. OBSERVATION He developed septicemia, renal abscess and thrombosis of abdominal aorta. OUTCOME Improvement on antibiotics and heparin. MESSAGE Retroaortic left renal vein ...

Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a rare pathology, caused by compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), due to reduction of the angle between AA and SMA. This leads to LRV varices, left gonadal vein varices and therefore, the pelvic congestion syndrome. For this reason, coexistence of NCS and pelvic congestion syndrome has bee...

An 8-year-old girl was enrolled in hospital with intermittent gross hematuria in a period of 3 years. Bloody efflux from the left ureteral orifice was diagnosed in this patient with urethrocystoscopy. A retroaortic left renal vein appeared to be compressed by the aorta as detected by computerized tomography. The left renal vein was compressed between the aorta and the spine. A groove in the ant...