This study intends to examine the influence of trade openness on economic growth in Kingdom Saudi Arabia including government consumption and labor force as control variables. Using time-series yearly data from 1985 2019, applies Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration regression Toda-Yamamoto (T-Y) Granger causality check achieve objective study. The ARDL model estimation disclose...

This study aimed to examine the long and short-run relationships between credit market development agricultural production using Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) Bounds test for cointegration, as well direction of causality by Granger test. The results ARDL revealed that institutional had a significant long-run effect on in all countries under examination, except Tunisia; is: Benin, Kenya...

investing in research and development spending (r&d) affects total factor productivity (tfp).recently new theories of economic growth have emphasized the relationship between r&d and tfpand also identified a number of channels through which a country’s r&d affects tfp of its tradepartner. this study seeks to estimate the effect of agricultural r&d and education spending and some...

This study aims to prove how COVID-19 in response the Indonesia stock market applying an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration method. analyzes relationship between natural logarithm of daily trading volume Stock Exchange and confirmed cases both short run long run. Bound test were used analyze data from 2 March 2020 until 30 November 2020. The findings result show short-run, is ...

In this study, the relationship between Borsa Istanbul 100 Index (BIST-100), Investor Risk Appetite (RISE), and macroeconomic indicators are tried to be determined using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Bounds Testing Approach (ARDL) with monthly data covering periods 01/2011-08/2022. Inflation interest rate used as indicators. statistical analysis, natural logarithm of series was taken. By taki...

This study explores whether Pakistan's current account deficit-acted as a mediator in the linkage between devaluation of currency and expansion economy from 1972 to 2016. All variables have been shown heterogeneous order integration by using Augmented Ducky Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), Ng-Parron unit root tests. As this article, Auto regressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) is used figur...

The present study is designed to examine the relationship between wage inequalities and economic prosperity in case of Pakistan. Using provincial-level data for years 2000 2020, estimated a multivariate regression model by employing Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) pooled mean group (PMG) technique. results reveal that inequality, government development spending, labor force participatio...

This study investigates the impact of agricultural financing and output growth on employment generation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2017. The adopts framework Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model for analysis. empirical results show that while increases both short run long run, lag mainly run. Other variables found have significant effect were price labor force population, wages aggregate e...

The repetition of policy dynamics on Quantitative Easing (QE) and interest rate by Fed potentially cause fluctuations in the exchange rate, including Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze determinants impacts shocks. Inflation (INF), Money Supply (LJUB), Open Market Operations (OPT), Foreign Exchange Reserves (LCD), Expected (LEHU) Interest Rates (SB) were used Rate (NT) through Auto...