Evaporative and exhaust mobile source air toxic (MSAT) emissions of total volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butadiene, methyl tertiary butyl ether, and ethanol were measured in vehicle-related high-end microenvironments (ME) under worst-case conditions plausibly simulating the >99th percentile of inhalati...

The user terminal The terminal provides a simple user interface consisting of a smart card system, keyboard, monitor, and printer. After inserting a smart card into the smart-card reader, the user keys in a password and selects the kind and amount of fuel. The user can check the smart card’s records and updated status. During refueling, the monitor displays the procedure’s progress. The printer...

Green liquid hydrogen (LH2) could play an essential role as a zero-carbon aircraft fuel to reach long-term sustainable aviation. Excluding challenges such electrolysis, transportation and use of renewable energy in setting up (H2) infrastructure, this paper investigates the interface between refueling systems aircraft, impacts on distribution at airport. Furthermore, it provides overview key te...

The study follows a concept of “cooperative cover" and vehicle-refueling logics, using a mixed integer programming to formulate the recharging stations location model to meet user's demand with minimum cost. We will apply it to a reasonable program and analysis the difference of the new model compared with traditional ones.

This paper addresses autonomous aerial refueling between an unmanned tanker aircraft and an unmanned receiver aircraft using the probe-and-drogue method. An important consideration is the ability to achieve successful docking in the presence of exogenous inputs such as atmospheric turbulence. Practical probe and drogue autonomous aerial refueling requires a reliable sensor capable of providing ...

In 1990 Tidwell declared “Stereopsis Takes Off in Flight Simulation” and he and his contemporaries asserted stereoscopic displays were “required” for a range of training tasks including air refueling, formation flight, and low level missions. But, some 22 years later, we find stereoscopic displays in a very small fraction of simulation trainers in current use. A survey of suppliers revealed exp...

Increasing the use of fossil fuels is with severe environmental and economic problems, bringing more attention to alternative fuels. The compressed natural gas (CNG), as an alternative fuel, offers many more benefits than gasoline or diesel fuel such as cost-effectiveness, lower pollution, better performance, and lower maintenance costs. Gas stations location and the number of gas stations are ...