We investigate reference group formation and the impact of social comparisons on ultimatum bargaining using a laboratory experiment. Three individuals compete in a real-e¤ort task for the role of the proposer in a three-player ultimatum game. The role of the responder is randomly allocated. The third individual receives a …xed payment our treatment variable and makes no decision. The existence ...

OBJECTIVE Perceived descriptive drinking norms often differ from actual norms and are positively related to personal consumption. However, it is not clear how normative perceptions vary with specificity of the reference group. Are drinking norms more accurate and more closely related to drinking behavior as reference group specificity increases? Do these relationships vary as a function of part...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) is a clinical tool for evaluating performance in walking. The purpose of this study was to determine age-referenced norms for performance on the FGA in community-living older adults. SUBJECTS Subjects were 200 adults, ages 40 to 89 years, living independently. METHODS Each subject completed the FGA one time and was scored simultane...

The present study examines age differences in the memory benefits from group-referncing. While prior work establishes that the memory performance of younger and older adults similarly benefits from relating information to the self, this study assessed whether those benefits extend to referencing a meaningful group membership. Young and older adult participants encoded trait words by judging whe...

To enable a robot to interpret natural language instructions with regard to a specific object in a configuration, the robot needs to be equipped with a repertory of representations that human users might employ for reference. In this paper, we focus on the ways in which objects are referred to in relation to other similar objects, by analysing the results of an experiment involving a robot and ...

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In ad hoc wireless mobile networks, the mobility of wireless nodes plays a significant role in evaluating the network’s performance. As the nodes are mobile there is a frequent transition between the connections of nodes from up to down state. It is essential to know th e likeliness of having a connection between different nodes and the parameters on which the connection probability depends in ...

Reference-group effects (discovered in cross-cultural settings) occur when responses to self-report items are based not on respondents' absolute level of a construct but rather on their level relative to a salient comparison group. In this article, we examine the impact of reference-group effects on the assessment of self-reported personality and attitudes. Two studies illustrate that a referen...