Reciprocity principles, which entail equivalent outcome on exchange of cause and effect, are widely used and accepted. We present a piezoelectric composite system designed so that reciprocity does not hold; sensitivity is substantially enhanced. Reciprocity failure is observed in which the piezoelectric direct effect (stress causes polarization) sensitivity dkij is unequal to the converse effec...

The end of the 20 Century was marked by a sea change in global governance in the realm of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Whereas countries historically retained substantial autonomy in this policy domain, the 1990s witnessed the establishment of new global obligations regarding national practices for the treatment of intellectual property. This paper focuses on the case of software “pirac...

the purpose of this article is to investigate the relationships among employees' trust in organization, reciprocity norm in organization and employees' organizational identification. furthermore, authors seek to analyze the moderating effect of organizational commitment components on these relationships. this research was performed using correlation-descriptive method. the statistical populatio...

The paper deals with reciprocity relations in bianisotropic electromagnetic materials. Conditions for reciprocity are expressed and discussed in connection with macroscopic and microscopic level of consideration and with space-time symmetry properties of media. Newly is the connection between microscopic and macroscopic treatment to reciprocity theorem analyzed namely with respect to composed b...

The topic of reciprocity has long played an important role in anthropology, ethnology, and sociological thinking, for instance, in the classic writings of Georg Simmel (1950), Bronislaw Malinowski (1926), Marcel Mauss (1950/1990), or Alvin Gouldner (1960). More than four decades ago, Gouldner clarified the concept and its dimensions and assumed the existence of a universal norm of reciprocity i...

Homo Reciprocans: Survey Evidence on Behavioural Outcomes This paper complements the experimental literature that has shown the importance of reciprocity for behaviour in stylized labour markets or other decision settings. We use individual measures of reciprocal inclinations in a large, representative survey, and relate reciprocity to real world labour market behaviour and life outcomes. We fi...

We investigate to what extent reciprocity, exhibited by employers and employees, lead to stable gift exchange practices in the labour contract, giving rise to noncompensating wage differentials among industries and firms. We use the concept of Sequential Reciprocity Equilibrium (Dufwenberg and Kirchsteiger 1998, 2004) to incorporate players’ preferences for reciprocity in their utility function...

This study investigated reciprocity in parent–adolescent interactions among 102 families from lower or higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Negative behaviors between parents and adolescents were more reciprocal (strongly correlated) in higher SES than lower SES families, and this reciprocity correlated with higher family relationship quality. Lower SES families exhibited reciprocity ...