This chapter describes basic logic circuits. This can be seen as largely background material for applications in later chapters in the design of dividers and phase detectors in frequency synthesizers. The types of logic discussed will be CMOS rail-to-rail logic, CMOS current mode logic (CML), bipolar CML, and bipolar emitter coupled logic (ECL). Note that CML is a general term and applies to bo...

This study evaluates rail transit benefits based on a comprehensive analysis of transportation system performance in major U.S. cities. It finds that cities with large, wellestablished rail systems have significantly higher per capita transit ridership, lower average per capita vehicle ownership and annual mileage, less traffic congestion, lower traffic death rates, lower consumer expenditures ...

AbstractA BiCMOS rail-to-rail operational amplifier capable of operating from supply voltages as low as 1.W is presented. A new technique of achieving a rail-to-rail input common mode range us'ing a bipolar input stage is developed. The new technique avoids the use of complementary pairs at the input and thus avoids complicated schemes for monitoring the constant g,?, . The resulting variation ...

Rail is a framework for building web applications that can precisely identify inappropriately disclosed data after a vulnerability is discovered. To do so, Rail introduces retroactive disclosure auditing: re-running the application with previous inputs once the vulnerability is fixed, to determine what data should have been disclosed. A key challenge for Rail is to reconcile state divergence be...

OBJECTIVES To describe a gun exchange program and assess potential benefits for participants and host communities. METHODS Mail survey of participants in a Sacramento, California gun exchange program, August 1993; the response rate was 79%. Comparative data were obtained from nationwide polls of gun owners. RESULTS Most (62%) respondents were men; 40% were more than 55 years old; none was l...

BACKGROUND Gun possession by high-risk individuals presents a serious threat to public safety. U.S. federal law establishes minimum criteria for legal purchase and possession of firearms; many states have laws disqualifying additional categories for illegal possession. METHODS We used data from a national survey of state prison inmates to calculate: 1) the proportion of offenders, incarcerate...

Objectives—One way law enforcement oYcers support firearm safety is by promoting the use of gun locks. This investigation examined law enforcement oYcers’ willingness to use gun locks on their own guns, as well as their opinions regarding gun locks in general. Setting—Law enforcement oYcers from an urban agency in the southern region of the United States. Methods—Free keyed cable gun locks were...

this paper proposes a low voltage (±0.55v supply voltage) low power (44.65µw) high common mode rejection ratio (cmrr) differential amplifier (d.a.) with rail to rail input common mode range (icmr), constant transconductance (gm) and enhanced frequency performance. its high performance is obtained using a simple negative averaging method so that it cancels out the common mode input signals at th...

This paper discusses the results of an investigation into ways in which the safety risks of travel on road and rail interact with each other in Great Britain, other than through physical contact such as at level crossings. The two main foci of the paper are: (1) an analysis of the 'whole journey' risks of journeys for which the national rail system is the main mode, but which also include stage...

BACKGROUND Gun theft is an important source of guns used by criminals. Yet no empirical work has focused on the characteristics of gun owners that distinguish those who have had their guns stolen from those who have not. In this study, we examine the demographics and behavioral characteristics of gun owners who report having had a gun stolen. METHODS Data come from a nationally representative...