Retrieved profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water are obtained through neural net inversions of the brightness temperatures, where the neural net is trained using radiosonde soundings and corresponding forward modeled brightness temperatures. An observation operator has also been developed for the direct assimilation of the measured brightness temperatures, using the forwar...

A method is presented to assess whether a given reference ground-based point observation, typically a radiosonde measurement, is adequately collocated and sufficiently representative of space-borne hyperspectral infrared instrument measurements. Once this assessment is made, the ground-based data can be used to validate and potentially calibrate, with a high degree of accuracy, the hyperspectra...

Today, commercial microwave radiometer profilers (MWRPs) are robust and unattended instruments providing real-time, accurate atmospheric observations at ∼ 1 min temporal resolution under nearly all weather conditions. Common commercial units operate in the 20–60 GHz frequency range and are able to retrieve profiles of temperature, vapour density, and relative humidity. Temperature and humidity ...

Traditionally, balloon-based radiosonde soundings are used to study the spatial distribution of atmospheric water vapour. However, this approach cannot be frequently employed due to its high cost. In contrast, GPS tomography technique can obtain water vapour in a high temporal resolution. In the tomography technique, an iterative or non-iterative reconstruction algorithm is usually utilised to ...

total perceptible water (tpw) is an important parameter in climatology and weather forecasting and is directly related to any climate process. there are three approaches to estimate this parameter i.e. using radiosonde, using gps and calculating from satellite images where the first two are localized and the last one can give an instant view of tpw in a vast region. the algorithm used for the t...

Radiosonde humidity data provide the longest record for assessing changes in atmospheric water vapor, but they often contain large discontinuities because of changes in instrumentation and observational practices. In this study, the variations and trends in tropospheric humidity (up to 300 hPa) over China are analyzed using a newly homogenized radiosonde dataset. It is shown that the homogeniza...

Two historical Observing System Experiment (OSE) studies using the ALADIN limited area model and its assimilation system are described. The first study, an OSE scenario that minimizes impacts of observations through lateral boundary conditions, demonstrated importance each assimilated terrestrial (radiosonde, aircraft, wind profiler) on analyses short-range forecasts ALADIN/HU proved evidence, ...

W ind and temperature data from radiosondes and aircraft are main sources of in situ information to data assimilation systems for NWP (see Table 1 for acronym definitions). Currently, there are about 150,000 automated aircraft reports per day, used at the NCEP, with approximately 3 times as many temperature observations than there are from radiosondes. NCEP operational analyses use automated ai...

The motivation of this study is to verify theoretical expectations placed on ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) techniques and to confirm whether they are suitable for supporting key missions of national weather services, such as timely and accurate weather advisories and warnings. We evaluate reliability and accuracy of atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved continuously by the microw...