one of the most important discourses on basics of jurisprudence methodology (‘ilm al-uṣūl) is the one concerning the isolated tradition. the most important reason for proving the validity of the isolated tradition according to the widely known viewpoint of the authorities on this issue is the attitude of the intellectual. this article is intended to criticize this reason and in the end to prove...

To solve the problem of Chinese question cannot provide deep semantic information for syntactic analysis, the paper proposes a semantic tagging model of Chinese question chunk based on description logics. With the knowledge of HNC’s concept symbols to get semantic information about the words, and by starting with the connotation of the concept categories, it preliminarily analyzes the logic str...

a superficial glance at graduate-level entrance exam items and results (1387) for political science has led me to formulate the following question: to what extent is the process of test construction compatible with the scientific fundamentals of test construction process. the present research aims, on the whole, to upgrade the validity of the exam items and to prevent its dire consequences. the...

This half-day workshop will discuss how to enrich research by marrying academic and industry-based work. Attendees will learn the theoretical, practical, and logistical complexities involved in advancing cognitive science across these distinct research sites. This topic is relevant to the cognitive community because academia and industry often have common goals but distinct capabilities. For ex...

Health outcomes research applies a wide range of methods to identify optimal approaches to determine optimal approaches to determine the effects of healthcare interventions and policies. Critical evaluation skills are necessary to navigate the evidence and identify studies that should influence clinical decision making and policy. A hierarchical “pyramid of evidence” that emphasizes randomized ...

It is often argued that experiments are strong on causal identification (internal validity) but weak on generalizability (external validity). One widely accepted way to limit threats to external validity is to incorporate as much variation in the background conditions and in the covariates as possible through replication. Another strategy is to make the theoretical foundations of the experiment...

Background. Misconduct in sport science research is a detrimental practice, as it affects data reliability and decreases the validity of all research in the long run. Objectives. The objective of this narrative review is to identify the main problems of misconduct in sport science research and point out effective prevention methods. Methods. A literature search was undertaken in "Web of Scien...

The purpose of the present study was to develop question asking strategies awareness scale (QASAS) and describe psychometric properties scale. justification for current lack a measurement tool in national context that explores teachers’ in-class questioning practices during instructional activities in-depth supported by discursively-oriented theoretical background. Data gathering process conduc...