The modelling of complex problems tends to be most effective when modelling is calibrated using a concrete solver and modifications to the model are made as a result. In some cases, the final model is significantly different from the simple model that best fits the constraints of the problem. While there are several projects that are attempting to create black box solvers with generic modelling...

The prosperity of the Chinese financial market and the development of financial information technology have given rise to a new occupation, “online financial marketing”. However, in our higher education, no special course system for “online financial marketing” has been set up, and our vocational education also lacks a set of scientific vocational qualification standard for “online financial ma...

For optimal control problems involving ordinary differential equations and functional inequality state constraints, the maximum principle may degenerate, producing no useful information about minimizers. This is known as the degeneracy phenomenon. Several non-degenerate forms of the maximum principle, valid under different constraint qualifications, have been proposed in the literature. In this...

most developed countries have already accepted ‘competency’ as the major factor in making management more competitive, therefore they have discovered the importance of qualification models and their application to cause human resources growth. consequently, their aim is to improve the qualification of their human resources, and to reach this end, considering different ways of assessing competen...