The practice in Missouri of informing judges incarceration costs resulted reductions to both mass and recidivism. States that allow jury sentencing are ideal for allowing jurors also consider costs. need such common-sense reform is timely. COVID-19 has drastically reduced state budgets there widespread agreement the criminal justice system over-punishes. This results rare, bipartisan support re...

Spying, having traces since the Monarch period or maybe even before that, plays a crucial role in times of war and concept economy. The presence legal backup behind art spying is equally balanced with illegality it. Considering security economic stability nation, spies are used, though such activities illegal same nation also punishes any person involved activity from another nation. With situa...

assembly line production is one of the widely used basic principles in production system. the problem of assembly line balancing deals with the distribution of activities among the workstations so that there will be maximum utilization of human resources and facilities without disturbing the work sequence. research works reported in the literature mainly deals with minimization of idle time i.e...

the probability of losing a customer in m/g/n/0 and gi/m/n/0 loss queuing systems withheterogeneous servers is minimized. the first system uses a queue discipline in which a customer who arriveswhen there are free servers chooses any one of them with equal probability, but is lost otherwise. providedthat the sum of the servers rates are fixed, loss probability in this system attains minimum val...

This paper studies the optimal joint design of disability insurance and unemployment insurance in an environment with moral hazard, when an individual’s health status is private information, taking into account cyclical fluctuations. I first show how disability benefits and unemployment benefits vary with aggregate economic conditions in an optimal contract that resolves this information proble...

We describe a general technique for determining upper bounds on maximal values (or lower bounds on minimal costs) in stochastic dynamic programs. In this approach, we relax the nonanticipativity constraints that require decisions to depend only on the information available at the time a decision is made and impose a “penalty” that punishes violations of nonanticipativity. In applications, the h...

The gas mechanism in Ethereum charges the execution of every operation to ensure that smart contracts running in EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) will be eventually terminated. Failing to properly set the gas costs of EVM operations allows attackers to launch DoS attacks on Ethereum. Although Ethereum recently adjusted the gas costs of EVM operations to defend against known DoS attacks, it remain...

This Essay formulates a positive model that predicts when commercial parties will employ private ordering to enforce their agreements. The typical enforcement mechanism associated with private ordering is the reputation mechanism, in which a merchant community punishes parties in breach of contract by denying them future business. The growing private ordering literature argues that these privat...

Although medical centres have established boards, special committees, and offices for the review and redress of breaches in ethical behaviour, these mechanisms repeatedly prove themselves ineffective in addressing research misconduct within the institutions of academic medicine. As the authors see it, institutional design: (1) systematically ignores serious ethical problems, (2) makes whistlebl...

The Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD) has become well known as an abstract model of a class of multi-agent environments in which agents accumulate payoffs that depend on how successful they are in their repeated interactions with other agents. An important variant of the IPD is the Noisy IPD, in which there is a small probability, called the noise level, that accidents will occur. In other word...