The topological entropy of a braid is the infimum of the entropies of all homeomor-phisms of the disc which have a finite invariant set represented by the braid. When the isotopy class represented by the braid is pseudo-Anosov or is reducible with a pseudo-Anosov component, this entropy is positive. Fried and Kolev proved that the entropy is bounded below by the logarithm of the spectral radius...

the purpose of this study is to implement a new modification of the variational iteration method (h-s-vim), which is a combination of spectral method and variational iteration method for heat transfer problems with high nonlinearity order. the merit of this method is that it does not require the solution of any linear or nonlinear system of equations unlike spectral method. furthermore the prop...

An additive spectral method for fuzzy clustering is proposed. The method operates on a clustering model which is an extension of the spectral decomposition of a square matrix. The computation proceeds by extracting clusters one by one which makes the spectral approach quite natural. The iterative extraction of clusters, also, allows us to draw several stopping rules to the procedure. This appli...

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‎‎‎This paper presents a remarkable formula for spectral distance of a given block normal matrix $G_{D_0} = begin{pmatrix}‎ ‎A & B \‎ ‎C & D_0‎ ‎end{pmatrix} $ to set of block normal matrix $G_{D}$ (as same as $G_{D_0}$ except block $D$ which is replaced by block $D_0$)‎, ‎in which $A in mathbb{C}^{ntimes n}$ is invertible‎, ‎$ B in mathbb{C}^{ntimes m}‎, ‎C in mathbb{C}^{mti...

Pseudo-Hermiticity as a generalization of usual Hermiticity is a rather common feature of (differential) operators emerging in various physical setups. Examples are Hamiltonians of PTand CPT-symmetric quantum mechanical systems [1] as well as the operator of the spherically symmetric α-dynamo [2] in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). In order to solve the inverse spectral problem for these operators, ...

The effective dielectric constants of a symmetric coupled microstrip line operating in the dominant mode are solved by using a closed-form formula of the asymptotic part of the impedance matrix elements. Using this asymptotic closedform solution, the finite upper limit for numerical integration in the evaluation of the impedance matrix elements is significantly reduced. This results in improved...

let r be a ring and v be a matrix valuation on r. it is shown that, there exists a correspondence between matrix valuations on r and some special subsets ?(mvpr) of the set of all square matrices over r, analogous to the correspondence between invariant valuation rings and abelian valuation functions on a division ring. furthermore, based on malcolmson’s localization, an alternative proof for t...

Article history: Received 10 December 2012 Received in revised form 26 July 2013 Accepted 30 July 2013 Available online 17 August 2013