Proximate (moisture, protein, total fat, total ash) and mineral (K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) composition of chicken giblets (heart, liver and gizzard) were investigated. Phosphorous content, as well as proximate composition, were determined according to recommended ISO methods. The content of all elements, except phosphorus, of the giblets tissues were determined using inductively coup...

Using high-resolution ultraviolet spectra of 16 low−z QSOs obtained with the E140M echelle mode of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, we study the physical conditions and statistics of O VI absorption in the intergalactic medium (IGM) at z < 0.5. We identify 51 intervening (zabs ≪ zQSO) O VI systems comprised of 77 individual components, and we find 14 “proximate” systems (zabs ≈ zQSO) c...

Deciding matters of legal liability, in torts and other civil actions, requires deciding causation. The injury suffered by a plaintiff must be caused by an event or condition due to the defendant. The courts distinguish between cause-in-fact and proximate causation, where cause-in-fact is determined by the “but-for” test: the effect would not have happened, “but for” the cause.1 Proximate causa...

The aim of the study was to assess the organoleptic differences of Clarias gariepinus smoked with two different energy sources, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica with the help of a hedonic scale and to determine possible proximate composition difference between the smoked products. Smoking of the fishes was carried out for 4 hours using traditional smoking kiln, the chemical analysis ...

BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease is preventable. The improved interpretation of risk factors, in vivo non-invasive measuring of arteries, brain and heart, and proven efficacy of both non-pharmacological and pharmaceutical therapies provides the model for both cardiovascular prevention programmes and new epidemiological studies. METHODS Risk factors can be subdivided into those related to the...

BACKGROUND Many plants with antidiabetic properties probably act in part through their content of fibre, vitamins, bioactive or mineral content OBJECTIVES This study investigated the mineral, proximate, phytochemical compositions and hypoglycaemic effect of Commelina africana and Ageratum conyzoides extracts in diabetic rats, and the likely relationship between this property and the mineral, ...

selenium, a trace mineral complement is used as cofactor of antioxidant enzymes that protects fishes against environmental stress agents and enhances performance in fishes. in this study the different levels of organic and inorganic source of  selenium were included in juvenile rainbow trout diet to evaluate feed conversion ratio (fcr), specific growth rate (sgr), weight gain percent (wg), cond...

This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition and some heavy metals (Lead, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium ) accumulation in shrimps and oysters from Buguma creek and to evaluate to what extent the changes in proximate composition and these heavy metals accumulation in shrimp (Penaeus notialis) and oyster (Crassostrea gasar) before and after smoke drying. Hot smoking method was used. ...

Background. While the evolution of reciprocal cooperation has attracted an enormous attention, the proximate mechanisms underlying the ability of animals to cooperate reciprocally are comparatively neglected. Symmetry-based reciprocity is a hypothetical proximate mechanism that has been suggested to be widespread among cognitively unsophisticated animals. Methods. We developed two agent-based m...

Many foraging animals find food using composite random search strategies, which consist of intensive and extensive search modes. Models of composite search can generate predictions about how optimal foragers should behave in each search mode, and how they should determine when to switch between search modes. Most of these models assume that foragers use resource encounters to decide when to swi...