In many works on the material removal in the Chemical Mechanical Process (CMP), the effects of several process parameters have been addressed. However, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of material removal and a model to correlate the process parameters to material removal rate (MRR) are still lacking. This appendix develops such models for polishing based on the results from the pin-o...

The Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process is now widely employed in the manufacture of Ultra-Large-Scale Integrated (ULSI) circuits. Yet, the effects of various process parameters on the material removal rate (MRR) and the resulting surface topography are not well understood. In this chapter, accordingly, several polishing models are reviewed with emphasis on the mechanical aspects of CMP...

Pashardes (1991) and Banks, Blundell and Preston (1994) use parametric methods to estimate lifetime equivalence scales. Their approaches put parametric restrictions on the differences in within-period expenditure needs across household types, the intertemporal allocation of expenditure, and the shapes of commodity demand equations. This paper puts parametric structure only on the differences in...

Fifty-eight Compylobacter strains were isolated from children with diarrhoea at various health centres in Lagos and from healthy chicken. Twenty-nine strains of Campylobacter were isolated from humans, while the same number were isolated from chicken. The strains were biotyped using the modified Preston biotype scheme. The Preston biotyping results have been compared with the results of Penner ...

th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference Monash University Melbourne Australia December A new laser interferometry skin friction meter was built and was used to measure skin friction in a series of turbulent boundary layer ows This method has the advantage of providing a direct measure of skin friction through thin lm lubrication theory It does not rely on the existence of a law of the wall o...

Quality health care systems are important to a community’s health interests, but they also play an important role in a community’s economic vitality. This paper reviews some contemporary challenges facing rural health care systems due to changes in the health care industry, the health insurance industry, the national economy, and reforms of social benefit programs. Using Preston County, West Vi...

cited in defence of his method: once several competing explanations have been shown to be impossible, then the improbable must be true. This is not an entirely satisfying sort of argument and would be considerably strengthened if evidence of a strong association between health care interventions and national levels of life expectancy could have been shown to be associated temporally. The second...