Proponents of ecosystem services approaches to assessment claim that it will ensure the environment is ‘properly valued’ in decision making. Analysts seeking to understand the likelihood of this could usefully reexamine previous attempts to deploy novel assessment processes in land-use planning and how they affect decisions. This paper draws insights from a meta-analysis of three case studies: ...

Multimedia technology is increasingly being used to create reliable and effective communication environments. However, the design of multimedia applications is currently driven more by intuition than by empirically or theoretically derived design guidelines. In a multimedia application, the software architecture is defined as a set of components manipulating various multimedia data types with s...

When explaining someone’s behavior, reference is often made to Theory of Mind concepts like beliefs (”she believed it was the right thing to do”) or desires (”she wanted to”). Less appreciated is the explanatory potential for descriptive and prescriptive norms (e.g., ”she returned the wallet because it was the right thing to do”). One possibility is that norms serve as explanations only when me...

Based on a set of simple logical equivalences we define a rewriting procedure that computes extensions in the propositional fragment of the logic of O introduced by Lakemeyer and Levesque. This logic is capable of representing default logic with the advantage of itself being monotonic, with a clearly defined semantics and a separation of the object level and the meta level. The procedure prepar...

In this paper, we present property-driven design, a novel top-down design method for robot swarms based on prescriptive modeling and model checking. Traditionally, robot swarms have been developed using a codeand-fix approach: in a bottom-up iterative process, the developer tests and improves the individual behaviors of the robots until the desired collective behavior is obtained. The code-and-...

background and aim: as the most perceived and articulated errors of hearing aid users occur in high frequency speech phonemes, this study aimed to find a way to amplify and reconstruct the errors. thus, the study first prepared a recorded form of two persian fricative consonants as stimulus; then, the rate of the prescribed gain of the two methods of national acoustic laboratories-nonlinear 2 (...

People want to know the most accept­ able words aTuI rules jar using English, and the goal oj prescriptive grammar is to determine and to teach those rules. The present article argues that psychology can help to develop principles and procedures for pre­ scriptive grammar. As a first step in that direction, an e:rperimental technique is reported jar evaluating the prescription oj he to mean "he...