BACKGROUND Novel anticoagulations (NOACs) are increasingly prescribed for the prevention of stroke in premenopausal women with atrial fibrillation. Small studies suggest NOACs are associated with a higher risk of abnormal uterine bleeds than vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Because there is no direct empirical evidence on the benefit/risk profile of rivaroxaban compared to VKAs in this subgroup, w...

BACKGROUND Animal data suggest the potential anticarcinogenic effects of calcium and vitamin D on breast cancer development. However, epidemiologic data relating calcium and vitamin D levels to breast cancer have been inconclusive. METHODS We prospectively evaluated total calcium and vitamin D intake in relation to breast cancer incidence among 10,578 premenopausal and 20,909 postmenopausal w...

PURPOSE The incidence of eye disease increases with age and can often be linked to worsening cardiovascular function and increasing intraocular pressure. Estrogen is known to have vasodilatory effects in the systemic circulation. Decreased estrogen levels during menopause may therefore complicate or contribute to ocular pathologies as estrogen receptors are found in both retinal and choroidal t...

BACKGROUND To asses the effect of menopause on the corneal curvature changes using corneal computerized videokeratography (CVK) in premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy women. METHODS Thirty-six postmenopausal women with mean ages of 49.2 (range 39 to 57) were enrolled in this randomized, prospective study, comparing with 26 healthy controls with mean ages of 38.5 +/- 4.9 (range 32 to 49)....

Background & Aims: The purpose of the present research was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine between athletic and non-athletic premenopausal women. Methods: Fifteen female athletes (runner) with the mean age of 33.80 ± 4.81 years, mean height of 164.13 ± 5.31 cm, mean weight of 57.33 ± 4.22 kg, and mean body mass index (BMI) of 21.41 ± 2.21 kg/m2 and 15 female non-athlet...

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase protein, Positive HER2 status has been linked with aggressive tumor behavior and resistance to cytotoxic endocrine therapies. Breast cancer complex disease the major cause of mortality in women worldwide. There are several subtypes breast many options for treatment. This study aimed know hormonal changes associat...