Researchers have typically studied the effects of Test-First Development (TFD), compared to Test-Last Development (TLD), across groups or projects, and for relatively short durations. We define Test-With Development (TWD) as more general than the fine-grained step of TFD, but also in contrast to the large-grained phase of TLD. With this definition, we performed a multiple comparative study to e...

INTRODUCTION The Pap smear test has been regarded as a promising cervical screening tool since 1940s. Yet its importance has been overlooked by beneficiaries in Malaysia. This underlines the need to identify the prevalence of Pap smear practice and influencing factors towards the practice among educated working women. METHODS A survey was conducted with 403 female teachers from 40 public seco...

In higher music education (HME), the notion of "private teaching, private learning" has a long tradition, where the learning part rests on the student's individual practicing between instrumental lessons. However, recent research suggests that collaborative learning among peers is beneficial in several aspects, such as sense of belonging, motivation and self-efficacy. This is consistent with th...

The practice of evidence-based medicine depends on several steps: a basic science derived understanding of disease pathophysiology, epidemiological research, and the results of well-conducted and appropriately analyzed randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The approval of new therapies by regulatory agencies is also based largely on RCT determination of the safety and therapeutic efficacy of drugs...

among the many revealing sidelights cast on the culture of molecular biology in craig Venter’s book A Life Decoded, there was one that particularly struck me. He describes his first en counter with Jim Watson, who was interested in some of the research Venter had presented. “that explains everything,” Watson said. “you are a biochemist.” Venter took this as a compliment, only later realizing th...

Our goal is to refocus the question about cybersecurity research from ‘is this process scienti c’ to ‘why is this scienti c process producing unsatisfactory results’. We focus on ve common complaints that claim cybersecurity is not or cannot be scienti c. Many of these complaints presume views associated with the philosophical school known as Logical Empiricism that more recent scholarship has ...

PURPOSE Oregon allows dental hygienists to provide services without the supervision of a dentist if they hold an expanded practice permit (EPP). This study surveyed practicing and non-practicing EPP holders with the purpose of assessing perceived barriers to practicing independently and better educating students to begin independent practice upon graduation. METHODS A survey was developed, ap...

This paper describes the emerging field of practice theory as it is practiced in relation to organizational phenomena. We identify three approaches — empirical, theoretical, and philosophical — that relate to the what, the how and the why of using a practice lens. We discuss three principles of the theoretical approach to practice, and offer examples of how practice theory has been used in the ...

O ne generalization can safely be made about the future of geography in the twenty-first century: We cannot now predict what will be in fashion one hundred or even fifteen years from now (if the discipline still exists). Like all complex, out-of-equilibrium, spatiotemporal systems, it is fruitless to predict or legislate geography’s trajectory of knowledge production. Geographers, like all agen...