Hyperkalemia generally is attributable to cell shifts or abnormal renal potassium excretion. Cell shifts account for transient increases in serum potassium levels, whereas sustained hyperkalemia generally is caused by decreased renal potassium excretion. Impaired renal potassium excretion can be caused by a primary decrease in distal sodium delivery, a primary decrease in mineralocorticoid leve...

Purpose: To investigate the dual effect of angiotensin blockade by irbesartan and enalapril on proteinuria in diabetic patients with azotemia. Methods: Patients with diabetes of > 5 years duration, proteinuria at a nephrotic level and serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL were enrolled in the study. Forty-five enrolled patients were divided into three groups, those receiving enalapril , irbesartan, or e...

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that has widespread use. It enters the food chain in different ways, including soil and water. Cadmium can cause dysfunction of different body organs. Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) supplementation can have protective effects against cadmium toxicity due to their antagonistic and antioxidants properties. This study examines the influence of supplemental...

introduction: aim was to study the influence of serum testosterone and urinary citrate on the formation of urinary stones in men and women, and to apply the findings for preventing urolithiasis. methods: we studied 200 patients (100 were men and 100 women) who had referred to the urology clinic at imam khomeini hospital and seda sima eswl center. in both groups, 50 were stone formers and 50 wer...

background & objective: lichen planus is a mucocutaneous disease which is relatively common and in 30-70% of patients, mucosal lesions can be seen and known as a precancerous lesion but its etiology is not completely understood. desmogleins i and iii are the main desmosomal transmembrane proteins. these proteins have been identified as the autoantigen of the autoimmune disease. the aim of t...

background : the measuring serum ferritin level as a sensitive inflammatory biomarker might effectively predict preterm delivery, but the power and the best cut-off point of this biomarker for predicting preterm labor in iranian population has not been substantially identified. our purpose was to determine what concentrations of serum ferritin could identify patients at risk for preterm deliver...

The absence of significant losses of potassium in the urine makes dialysis-associated hyperglycemia (DH) a model for the study of the internal potassium balance. Studies of DH have revealed that hyperkalemia is frequent at presentation, insulin infusion is usually the only treatment required, and the magnitude of the decrease in serum potassium concentration (K) during treatment of DH with insu...

We read a paper by Masaki et al.1) regarding a patient who underwent aortic valve replacement with functioning internal mammalian artery grafts. The authors used continuous retrograde cardioplegia in addition to moderate hypothermia without the clamping of the functioning grafts. As the authors mentioned in the Discussion, the operative mortality rate associated with redo aortic valve replaceme...