contemporary iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from traditional sovereignty to intellectual and legal one. political participation, as a tangible a...

Declining political participation has caused much concern among political scientists and politicians. This article builds upon Henrik Bang’s conceptualization of Expert Citizens and Everyday Makers as new forms of political participation. Using the 2001 Home Office Citizenship Survey, we identify four types of political participant: Political Activists, Expert Citizens, Everyday Makers and Non-...

The present study investigates the relationship between social capital, political participation and socialization of female employees of Educational Department of Bojnourd. The statistical population includes all female employees of Educational Department of Bojnourd who were 150 and were selected by total counting sampling. In term of purpose this is applied research and the method is descript...

Women, Peace and Security, a multifaceted agenda intended to address the particular ways in which conflict affects women, has been on United Nations since landmark Security Council Resolution 1325 passed 2000. The unequal burden of poverty phenomenon that coined “the feminization poverty,” for even longer, 1995 Beijing Conference Women. Yet, despite fact inequality both cause result violent cyc...

This case study examines how traditional and Internet news use, as well as face-to-face and online political discussion, contributed to political participation during the period leading up to the Iraq War. A Web-based survey of political dissenters (N=307) conducted at the start of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq provides the data used to examine the relationships among informational media use, o...

Older adults are not only lagging behind in terms of physical access to the Internet but also in engaging in political activities in the online environment. The findings from two independent studies bridging the USA and China suggest that older adults, even when they have access to the Internet, have ambivalent or negative attitudes toward political activities online. As political participation...

The literature on the participation paradox, stealth democracy, political transformation and populism implicitly refers to existence of different profiles, but its empirical evidence focuses separate actions. While several studies have examined distinct combinations actions, such profiles rarely been placed within a theoretical framework or connected motivations resources that shape participati...