According to the Porter-Hypothesis (PH) stricter environmental regulations in one country may trigger innovations in that country, which may partially or more than fully offset the compliance costs of domestic firms, thus possibly improving their international competitiveness. This paper investigates whether conditions exist under which this Hypothesis is valid either in its weak form (partiall...

OBJECTIVE This survey provides an overview of the development of policies and strategies for quality improvement in European healthcare systems, by mapping quality improvement policies and strategies, progress in their implementation, and early indications of their impact. STUDY DESIGN A survey of quality improvement policies and strategies in healthcare systems of the European Union was cond...

Routing protocols maintain connectivity of Internet routers and hosts and determine the path that a packet traverses. Inferring Internet paths is critical for evaluating the performance of Internet applications and services, such as cloud services and content delivery. Unlike intra-domain routing protocols, which typically use the shortest paths, inte-domain routing protocol apply local policie...

publicpolicies are the functions of the political systems for the national sovereignty. governments govern national wills under public policies. if the legislative version of these public policies be provided upon the scientific and political considerations it still remains useless unless it could pass the implementation stage successfully. the implementation of the public policies is the main ...

OBJECTIVES The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has recommended the development of national standards for the measurement of emergency care performance. The authors undertook this study with the goals of enumerating and categorizing existing performance measures relevant to pediatric emergency care. METHODS Potential performance measures were identified through a survey of 1) the peer-reviewed lit...

cities need good, participatory and effective policies and plans for development. urban development plans such as comprehensive plan are the most important tool for implementation of policies and plans. the effective implementation of city development plan requires high level documents such as spatial planning; good macro development plans policies, efficient urban management and public partici...