developed philosophical ideas as well. To be sure, he never considered himself a professional philosopher. Rather, as a consequence of his permanent commitment to scientific investigation and scientific methods, Köhler was eager to reflect upon the consequences of applying a scientific world view to human life. In his own words, he discussed the question of The place of value in a world of fact...

American psychologist and philosopher William James devoted the entirety of his career to exploring the nature of volition, as expressed by such phenomena as will, attention, and belief. As part of that endeavor, James's unorthodox scientific pursuits, from his experiments with nitrous oxide and hallucinogenic drugs to his investigation of spiritualist mediums, represent his attempt to address ...

like volter, french salient author, al- jahiz is a philosopher literate; namely, literary dimension of his personality predominates over his philosophical character. like other great literati and writer of the world, he was a master in all sciences and knowledge of his age including philosophy, speech, politics, and a verity of customs, beliefs and religions and in some of them he was skillful ...

The name of Yehoshua Bar Hillel is known to every student of machine translation. The late philosopher richly deserves this recognition: he had been a central figure in the early development of the field and contributed what should be considered the first set of sober assessments for MT at the time of the widespread gung-ho attitude to its prospects. The fame is probably due to the correctness ...

The ideas of cruelty, kindness, and unnecessary suffering play prominent roles in the growing debate over our treatment of animals. An index of how pervasive these ideas are, is that a philosopher who does not rely on them, or not all of them, or who argues in ways that give other ideas a place of prominence, might none the less be viewed as resting his case against, say, vivisection or factory...

abu `al-barakat al-baghdadi, before explanation of his selected view about the problem of the quality of emergence of multitudinous from unit, expresses the theory of peripatetic philosophers with a historical outlook. he then critics the viewpoint of peripatetic philosophers and finally explains his view in the course of four descriptions. the following points are proposed when criticized his ...